Grendel
is one of three antagonists, along with Grendel's mother and the dragon, in the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf
(AD 700–1000). In the poem, Grendel is feared by all but Beowulf.
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GRENDEL - OPERA TICKETS
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Story
The poem
Beowulf
is contained in the
Nowell Codex
. As noted in lines 106–114 and lines 1260–1267 of
Beowulf,
Grendel's mother and Grendel are described as descendants of the
Biblical Cain. Beowulf leaves
Geatland in order to find and destroy Grendel, who has been attacking
Heorot, killing and cannibalising anyone he finds there. Barring his lineage, all motives for his attacks are left up to the reader. Usually in most film or literature adaptions, Grendel attacks the hall after having been disturbed by the noise the drunken revelers have made. One cryptic scene in which Grendel sits in the abandoned hall unable to approach the throne hints that his motives may be greed or revenge. After a long battle, Beowulf mortally wounds Grendel by ripping his arm off. Grendel dies in his cave under the swamp. Beowulf later engages in a fierce battle with
Grendel's mother, over whom he triumphs. Following her death, Beowulf finds Grendel's corpse and removes the head, which he keeps as a trophy. Beowulf then returns to the surface and to his men at the "ninth hour" (l. 1600, "non", about 3pm).
[1] He returns to Heorot, where he is given many gifts by an even more grateful
Hroðgar.
He is also a water creature that killed people
Scholarship
Tolkien
In 1936,
J.R.R. Tolkien's
Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics
discussed Grendel and the dragon in
Beowulf
. This essay was the first work of scholarship in which Anglo-Saxon literature was seriously examined for its literary merits—not just scholarship about the origins of the English language as was popular in the 19th century.
Debate over description
During the following decades, the exact description of Grendel would become a source of debate for scholars. Indeed, because his exact appearance is never directly described in
Old English by the original
Beowulf
poet, part of the debate revolves around what is known, namely his descent from the biblical
Cain (who was the first murderer in
Abrahamic religions).
Monster
Some scholars have linked Grendel's descent from Cain to the monsters and giants of
The Cain Tradition.
[2]
Seamus Heaney, in his translation of
Beowulf
, writes in lines 1351–1355 that Grendel is vaguely human in shape, though much larger:
... the other, warped
in the shape of a man, moves beyond the pale
bigger than any man, an unnatural birth
called Grendel by the country people
in former days. [3]
Heaney's translation of lines 1637–1639 also notes that his disembodied head is so large that it takes four men to transport it. Furthermore, in lines 983–89, when Grendel's torn arm is inspected, Heaney describes it as being covered in impenetrable scales and horny growths:
Every nail, claw-scale and spur, every spike
and welt on the hand of that heathen brute
was like barbed steel. Everybody said
there was no honed iron hard enough
to pierce him through, no time proofed blade
that could cut his brutal blood caked claw [4]
Peter Dickinson (1979) argued that seeing as the considered distinction between man and beast at the time the poem was written was simply man's
bipedalism, the given description of Grendel being man-like does not necessarily imply that Grendel is meant to be humanoid, going as far as stating that Grendel could easily have been a bipedal dragon.
[5]
Non-monster
Other scholars such as Kuhn (1979) have questioned a monstrous description, stating:
There are five disputed instances of agl?ca [three of which are in Beowulf
] 649, 1269, 1512...In the first...the referent can be either Beowulf or Grendel. If the poet and his audience felt the word to have two meanings, 'monster,' and 'hero,' the ambiguity would be troublesome; but if by agl?ca they understood a 'fighter,' the ambiguity would be of little consequence, for battle was destined for both Beowulf and Grendel and both were fierce fighters (216–7).
O'Keefe has suggested that Grendel resembles a
Berserker, because of numerous associations that seem to point to this possibility.
[6]
John Grigsby, in his
Beowulf and Grendel :The Truth behind England's oldest legend
suggests that Grendel is a demonized version of the old
Norse fertility god Freyr, and even goes as far as linking Grendel with the
Green Knight of
Arthurian legend.
Grendelsmere
In
Worcestershire there was a pond called
Grendelsmere
near Abbots Morton during the
Old English era. The name is likely to be an allusion to Grendel from
Beowulf. The pond is now extinct.
[7] "Gren del's Mere" means Green Thahl's (valley's) Marsh.
Grendel in film, literature, and popular culture
References
- Jack, George. ''Beowulf: A Student Edition,'' p. 123.
- Williams, David. ''Cain and Beowulf: A Study in Secular Allegory''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982.
- Heaney, Seamus. ''Beowulf'' lines 1351–1355.
- Heaney, Seamus. ''Beowulf'' lines 983–989.
- Dickinson, Peter. ''The Flight of Dragons'' ch.10 "Beowulf". New English Library, 1979.
- Berserker
- '''Worcestershire Anglo-Saxon Charter Bounds''' By Della Hooke, Published 1990, Boydell & Brewer, Worcestershire (England), ISBN 0851152767.