Giulio Cesare in Egitto (Julius Caesar in Egypt, HWV 17) is an Italian opera in three acts written by George Frideric Handel in 1724. The libretto was written by Nicola Francesco Haym.

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Performance history

It was first performed in London on February 20, 1724. The opera was an immediate success. Handel revived it (with changes) in 1725, 1730, and 1732; it was also performed in Paris, Hamburg, and Brunswick. Like Handel's other works in the opera seria genre, Giulio Cesare fell into oblivion in the 19th century.

The roles of Cesare and Cleopatra, sung by the castrato Senesino and famous soprano Francesca Cuzzoni respectively, and which encompass eight arias and two recitatives accompagnati each, totally dispose of the vocal capabilities of the singers. Cornelia and Sesto are more static because they are completely taken by their primary emotions, she with pain because of her husband's death and constantly constrained to defend herself from Achilla and Tolomeo, and he consumed by vengeance for his father's death.

Cleopatra is a multifaceted character: she uses at first her womanly wiles to seduce Cesare and gain the throne of Egypt, and then becomes totally engaged in the love affair with Cesare. She has great arias of immense dramatic intensity Se pietà di me non senti (II, 8) and Piangerò la sorte mia (III, 3). Sensual character is described magnificently in the aria V'adoro, pupille , in which Cleopatra, in the guise of Lidia, appears to Cesare surrounded by the Muses of Parnassus (II, 2). This number calls for two orchestras: one is an ensemble scene with strings with sordino , oboe, tiorba, harp, bassoons and viola da gamba concerante.

In the 20th century, it was revived (in heavily altered form - reorchestrated and revamped with the male castrato roles transposed down for a baritone, tenor or bass) in Göttingen in 1922 by the Handel enthusiast Oskar Hagen. Hans Knappertsbusch and Karl Böhm both conducted it in Munich in 1923 and its first American performance took place at the Smith College of Music in Northampton, Massachusetts, in 1927. The first British revival of a Handel opera was the staging of Giulio Cesare at the Scala Theatre in London in 1930, by the London Festival Opera Company, singing in English. The young Herbert von Karajan conducted a production in Ulm in 1933. In modern times, it has proven to be by far the most popular of Handel's operas, with more than two hundred productions in many countries. The title role and the roles Ptolemy and Nirenus were written for castrati, and in modern productions, Giulio is either transposed for baritone or sung by a contralto, mezzo-soprano, or, more frequently in recent years, a countertenor. The characters of both Nirenus and Ptolemy are sung by countertenors.

The work is considered by many to be Handel's finest Italian opera, possibly even the best in the history of opera seria. It is admired for its superb vocal writing, its dramatic impact, and its deft orchestral arrangements.

Giulio Cesare is now regularly performed.

Roles

Role	Voice type	Premiere Cast, 20 February 1724 (Conductor: - )
Cleopatra	soprano	Francesca Cuzzoni
Sesto	soprano	Margherita Durastanti
Giulio Cesare	alto castrato	Senesino
Tolomeo	alto castrato	Gaetano Berenstadt
Nireno	alto castrato	Giuseppe Bigonzi
Cornelia	contralto	Anastasia Robinson
Achilla	bass	Giuseppe Maria Boschi
Curio	bass	John Lagarde

Synopsis

Act 1

Giulio Cesare and his victorious troops arrive on the banks of the River Nile after defeating Pompey's forces. Pompey's second wife, Cornelia, begs for mercy for her husband's life. Cesare agrees, but on condition that Pompey must see him in person. Achille (Achillas), the leader of Egyption army, presents Cesare with a casket containing Pompey's head. It is a token of support from Tolomeo (Ptolemy), the co-ruler of Egypt (together with Cleopatra, his sister). Cornelia faints. Cesare's assistant, Curio, offers to avenge Cornelia, hoping that she will fall for him and marry him. Cornelia rejects the offer in grief, saying that another death would not relieve her pain. Sesto, son of Cornelia and Pompey, swears by singing "Svegliatevi nel core" to take revenge for his father's death. Cleopatra decides to use her charm to seduce Cesare. Achille brings the news to Tolomeo that Cesare was furious over the murder of Pompey. Cleopatra (in disguise) goes to meet Cesare in his camp hoping that he will support her as the queen of Egypt. Cesare is amazed by her beauty. Cesare, Cornelia and Sesto go to the Egyptian palace to meet Tolomeo. Tolomeo is fascinated by Cornelia's beauty but has promised Achille that he could have her. Sesto attempts to challenge Tolomeo, but is unsuccessful. When Cornelia rejects Achille, he orders the soldiers to arrest Sesto.

Act 2

In Cleopatra's palace, she uses her charms to seduce Cesare. She sings praises of Cupid's darts and Cesare is delighted. In Tolomeo's palace, Achille pleads with Cornelia to accept him, but she rejects him. When he leaves, Tolomeo also tries to win her, but is also rejected. Sesto enters the garden of the palace, wishing to fight Tolomeo for killing his father. In Cleopatra's palace, Cesare hears the sounds of enemies approaching. Cleopatra reveals her identity and asks Cesare to flee, but he decides to fight. In Tolomeo's palace, the fight between Tolomeo and Sesto is interrupted by Achille's announcement that Cesare (in the attempt to run from soldiers) has jumped from the palace window and died. Achille asks again for Cornelia's hand in marriage but is turned down by Tolomeo. Sesto feels devastated and tries to kill himself but is prevented from doing so by his mother; he repeats his vow to kill Tolomeo.

Act 3

Sounds of battle between Tolomeo's and Cleopatra's armies. Tolomeo celebrates his victory against Cleopatra. Cesare has survived his leap and prays for Cleopatra's safety. While searching for Tolomeo, Sesto finds the wounded Achille. Before Achille dies, he hands Sesto a seal of authority to enable Sesto to command his armies. Cesare appears and demands the seal. He promises that he will save both Cornelia and Cleopatra or die. Cleopatra is overjoyed to see Cesare alive. Sesto finds Tolomeo in the palace courting his mother and kills him. The victorious Cesare and Cleopatra enter the city of Alexandria, and Cesare proclaims Cleopatra as queen of Egypt and promises his support to her country. They declare their love, and the people acclaim their happiness and the bringing of peace to Egypt.

Noted arias

• "Empio, dirò, tu sei" - Giulio Cesare in Act I, Scene 3
• "Priva son d'ogni conforto" - Cornelia in Act I, Scene 4
• "Svegliatevi nel core" - Sesto in Act I, Scene 4
• "Non disperar, chi sa?" - Cleopatra in Act I, Scene 5
• "L'empio, sleale, indegno" - Tolomeo in Act I, Scene 6
• "Non è si vago e bello" - Giulio Cesare in Act I, Scene 7
• "Cara speme, questo core" - Sesto in Act I, Scene 8
• "Tu la mia stella sei" - Cleopatra in Act I, Scene 9
• "Va tacito e nascosto" - Giulio Cesare in Act I, Scene 9
• ''Che Perde Un Momento" - Nireno in Act II, Scene 1
• "V'adoro pupille" - Cleopatra in Act II, Scene 2
• "L'angue offeso mai riposa" - Sesto in Act II, Scene 6
• "Al lampo dell'armi" - Giulio Cesare in Act II, Scene 8
• "Se pietà di me non senti" - Cleopatra in Act II, Scene 8
• "L'aure che spira" - Sesto in Act II, Scene 11
• "Piangerò la sorte mia" - Cleopatra in Act III, Scene 3
• "Dall'ondoso periglio...Aure, deh, per pietà" - Giulio Cesare in Act III, Scene 4
• "Quel Torrente"-Cesare in Act III, Scene 4
• "La giustizia ha già sull'arco" - Sesto in Act III, Scene 6
• "Da tempeste il legno infranto" - Cleopatra in Act III, Scene 7
• "Non ha più che temere" - Cornelia in Act III, Scene 9

Selected recordings

1. A highly acclaimed recording is that conducted by René Jacobs on Harmonia Mundi. Another more recent recording was conducted by Marc Minkowski and had Magdalena Kožená in the role of Cleopatra.

2. In March 2005, three recordings were made at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen. They became a DVD, published by Harmonia Mundi and released in the fall of 2007. The performance was directed by Francisco Negrin. Lars Ulrik Mortensen conducts Concerto Copenhagen and the vocal performers include German counter-tenor Andreas Scholl in the title role and Inger Dam-Jensen as Cleopatra.

3. The Glyndebourne Festival has published its 2005 summer production (since revived in 2009), directed by David McVicar and conducted by William Christie, on an Opus Arte DVD, with Sarah Connolly in the role of Cesare and Danielle de Niese in the role of Cleopatra. The production won the 2006 South Bank Show Award for Opera. The period has been moved to British colonial times in the first half of the 20th century and the staging contains elements from Bollywood films.

4. The American director Peter Sellars directed Giulio Cesare as a studio production filmed at DEFA-Studio in 1990. The video recording is based on a production originally staged at the 1987 Pepsico SummerFare held at SUNY Purchase and later presented at the Opera Company of Boston (1987), Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie in Brussels (1988), and Le Théâtre Nanterre-Amandiers, Paris (1990). It was conducted by his regular musical collaborator Craig Smith. The production was updated to the unspecified future and set in the Middle East. It features the counter-tenor Jeffrey Gall as Cesare, Susan Larson as Cleopatra and Lorraine Hunt-Lieberson as Sesto. It has been issued on DVD by Decca.

E-book

of Giulio Cesare (ed. Friedrich Chrysander, Leipzig 1875)