Cavalleria rusticana (Rustic Chivalry ) is an opera in one act by Pietro Mascagni to an Italian libretto by Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti and Guido Menasci, adapted from a play written by Giovanni Verga based on his short story. Considered one of the classic verismo operas, it premiered on May 17, 1890 at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome. Since 1893, it has often been performed in a so-called Cav/Pag double-bill with Pagliacci by Ruggero Leoncavallo. [1]

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Composition history

In July 1888 the Milanese music publisher Edoardo Sonzogno announced a competition open to all young Italian composers who had not yet had an opera performed on stage. They were invited to submit a one-act opera, of which the three best (selected by a jury of five prominent Italian critics and composers) would be staged in Rome at Sonzogno's expense. Mascagni heard about the competition only two months before the closing date and asked his friend Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti, a poet and professor of literature in the Italian Royal Naval Academy in Livorno, to provide a libretto. Targioni-Tozzetti chose Cavalleria rusticana , a popular short story (and play) by Giovanni Verga as the basis for the opera. He and his colleague Guido Menasci set about composing the libretto, sending it to Mascagni in fragments, sometimes only a few verses at a time on the back of a postcard. The opera was finally submitted on the last day for which entries would be accepted. In all, 73 operas were submitted, and on March 5, 1890, the judges selected the final three: Niccola Spinelli's Labilia , Vincenzo Ferroni's Rudello , and Pietro Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana . ^[2]

There have been two other operas based on Verga's story. The first, Mala Pasqua by Stanislao Gastaldon, had been entered in the same competition with Mascagni's. However, Gataldon withdrew it when he received an opportunity to have it performed at the Teatro Costanzi. It premiered there on 9 April 1890. ^[3] In the 1907 Sonzogno competition, Domenico Monleone submitted an opera based on the story, and likewise called Cavalleria rusticana . The opera was not successful in the competition but premiered later that year in Amsterdam and went on to a successful tour throughout Europe, ending in Turin. Sonzogno, wishing to protect the lucrative property which Mascagni's version had become, took legal action and successfully had Monleone's opera banned from performance in Italy. ^[4] Monleone changed the opera ‘beyond recognition’ setting the music to a new libretto. In this form it was presented as La giostra dei falchi in 1914. (Ref.Ibid)

Performance history

Although Pinotta , which only premiered in 1932, was written earlier,Cavalleria rusticana was the first opera by Mascagni that was a success and it remains the best known of his 16 operas. (Apart from Cavalleria rusticana , only Iris and L'amico Fritz have remained in the standard repertory with Isabeau and Il Piccolo Marat on the fringes of the Italian repertoire.)

Its success has been phenomenal from its first performance in the Teatro Costanzi in Rome on May 17, 1890 until the present day. At the time of Mascagni's death in 1945, the opera had been performed more than fourteen thousand times in Italy alone. ^[5]

The first performance of Cavalleria rusticana caused a sensation, with Mascagni taking 40 curtain calls on the opening night, and winning the First Prize. ^[6] That same year, following its sold-out run of performances at the Teatro Costanzi, the opera was produced throughout Italy and in Berlin. It received its London premiere at the Shaftesbury Theatre on October 19, 1891 and its Covent Garden premiere on May 16, 1892. ^[7]

American producers vied with each other (sometimes through the courts) to be the first to present the opera in that country. Cavalleria rusticana finally had its American premiere in Philadelphia at the Grand Opera House on September 9, 1891, followed by Chicago on September 30, 1891. The opera premiered in New York on October 1, 1891 with two rival performances on the same day, an afternoon performance at the Casino, directed by Rudolph Aronson and an evening performance at the Lenox Lyceum directed by Oscar Hammerstein.

The opera received its first performance at the Metropolitan Opera on December 30, 1891 in a double bill with a fragment of Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice and has since received 652 performances there, the most recent of which was on April 10, 2009 with José Cura as Turiddu and Ildikó Komlósi as Santuzza. ^[8]

Roles

Role	Voice type	Premiere Cast, 17 May 1890 (Conductor: - )
Santuzza, a peasant girl	soprano	Gemma Bellincioni
Turiddu, a young villager recently returned from the army	tenor	Roberto Stagno
Lucia, his mother	contralto	Federica Casali
Alfio, the village teamster	baritone	Guadenzio Salassa
Lola, his wife	mezzo-soprano	Annetta Guli

Synopsis

Image:Cavalleria Rusticana Illustration Circa 1880.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Illustration from an early edition of Giovanni Verga's short story Cavalleria rusticana on which the opera is based.

Time: Easter morning

Place: A Sicilian village

Turiddu, a young villager, had returned from military service to find that while he was gone, his fiancée, Lola, had married Alfio, the prosperous village teamster. In revenge, Turiddu seduced Santuzza, a young woman in the village. As the opera begins, Lola, overcome by her jealousy of Santuzza, has begun an adulterous affair with Turiddu.

Offstage, Turiddu is heard singing The Siciliana - "O Lola, lovely as the spring’s bright blooms". The curtain rises on the main square of the village. To one side is the church; to the other is Lucia's wine shop and the house where she lives with her son, Turiddu. The villagers move about the square, singing of the beautiful spring day (Gli aranci olezzano sui verdi margini - "The air is sweet with orange blossoms") and a hymn to the Blessed Virgin. Some villagers enter the church, others wander off still singing.

Santuzza, pregnant with Turiddu's child and suspecting that he has betrayed her with Lola, is distraught and approaches Lucia as she comes out of her house. Santuzza asks for Turiddu, and Lucia replies that he has gone to another town to fetch some wine. Santuzza tells her that he was seen during the night in the village. Lucia asks her inside to talk, but just at that moment Alfio arrives on his wagon accompanied by the villagers. He praises the joys of a teamster's life and the beauty of his bride. Alfio asks Lucia for some of her fine old wine. She tells him it has run out and Turiddu has gone away to buy more. Alfio replies that he had seen Turiddu early that morning near his cottage. Lucia starts to express surprise, but Santuzza stops her. Alfio leaves. The choir inside the church is heard singing the Regina Coeli . Outside, the villagers sing an Easter Hymn, joined by Santuzza. The villagers enter the church, while Santuzza and Lucia remain outside. Lucia asks Santuzza why she signalled her to remain silent when Alfio said that he had seen Turiddu that morning. Santuzza exclaims, Voi lo sapete - "Now you shall know", and tells Lucia the story of her seduction by Turiddu and his affair with Lola. Lucia pities Santuzza, who is considered by the villagers to be excommunicated because of her seduction. Santuzza cannot enter the church, but begs Lucia to go inside and pray for her.

Turiddu arrives. Santuzza upbraids him for pretending to have gone away, when he was actually seeing Lola. Lola enters the square singing. She mocks Santuzza and goes inside the church. Turiddu turns to follow Lola, but Santuzza begs him to stay. Turiddu pushes her away. She clings to him. He loosens her hands, throws her to the ground, and enters the church. Alfio arrives looking for Lola. Santuzza tells him that his wife has betrayed him with Turiddu. below = Problems listening to this file? See media help.

The square is empty as the orchestra plays the Intermezzo . The villagers come out of the church. Turiddu is in high spirits because he is with Lola and Santuzza appears to have gone. He invites his friends to his mother’s wine shop where he sings a drinking song, Viva, il vino spumeggiante - "Hail the flowing wine!". Alfio joins them. Turiddu offers him wine, but he refuses it. The women leave, taking Lola with them. In a brief exchange of words, Alfio challenges Turiddu to a duel. Following Sicilian custom, the two men embrace, and Turiddu, in a token of acceptance, bites Alfio’s ear, drawing blood which signifies a fight to the death. Alfio leaves and Turiddu calls Lucia back. He tells her that he is going outside to get some air and asks that she be a kindly mother to Santuzza if he should not return: Un bacio, mamma! Un altro bacio! — Addio! - "One kiss, my mother! One more kiss! - Farewell!".

Turiddu rushes out. Lucia, weeping, wanders aimlessly around outside her house. Santuzza approaches and throws her arms around her. The villagers start to crowd around. Voices are heard in the distance and a woman cries, "They have murdered Turiddu!" Santuzza faints and Lucia collapses in the arms of the women villagers.

Orchestration

Mascagni calls for a standard-sized orchestra consisting of 2 flutes, piccolo, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, percussion (triangle, cymbals, bass drum, side drum, tamtam, tubular bells), harp, organ and strings.

Recordings

There have been more than 60 full-length recordings of Cavalleria rusticana published ^[9] since it was first recorded in Germany in 1909. ^[10] Amongst some of the more well-known studio recordings are:

Year	Cast (Santuzza, Turiddu, Alfio, Lucia)	Conductor, Opera House and Orchestra	Label
1940	Lina Bruna Rasa, Beniamino Gigli, Gino Bechi Giulietta Simionato	Pietro Mascagni, Teatro alla Scala Orchestra and Chorus	Audio CD: Naxos CD Cat: 8.110714-15
1953	Zinka Milanov, Jussi Björling, Robert Merrill Margaret Roggero	Renato Cellini RCA Victor Orchestra	Audio CD: RCA Cat: CD 6510-2-RG
1953	Maria Callas, Giuseppe Di Stefano, Rolando Panerai, Ebe Ticozzi	Tullio Serafin Teatro alla Scala Orchestra and Chorus	Audio CD: EMI CD Cat: 7243 5 56287 2 5
1957	Renata Tebaldi, Jussi Bjorling. Ettore Bastianini, Rina Corsi	Alberto Erede Orchestra del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino	Audio CD: Decca CD Cat: 458 2242
1962	Victoria de Los Angeles, Franco Corelli, Mario Sereni, Corinna Vozza	Gabriele Santini Orchestra dell'Opera di Roma	Audio CD: EMI CD Cat: 72438-19968-2-9
1965	Fiorenza Cossotto, Carlo Bergonzi, Giangiacomo Guelfi, Maria Gracia Allegri	Herbert von Karajan Teatro alla Scala Orchestra and Chorus	Audio CD: Deutsche Grammophon Cat: CD 419 257-2
1977	Renata Scotto, Placido Domingo, Pablo Elvira, Isola Jones	James Levine National Philharmonic Orchestra	Audio CD: RCA Victor Cat: RCA RD 83091
1979	Montserrat Caballé, José Carreras, Matteo Manuguerra, Astrid Varnay	Riccardo Muti Philharmonia Orchestra	Audio CD: EMI CD Cat: EMI CMS 7 63650 2
1989	Agnes Baltsa, Plácido Domingo, Juan Pons, Vera Baniewicz	Giuseppe Sinopoli Philharmonia Orchestra	Audio CD: Deutsche Grammophon Cat: CD 429 568-2

Film versions

Apart from video recordings of live performances, there have been several cinematic versions of Cavalleria rusticana , the most notable of which are:

• The 1916 silent film accompanied by Mascagni's score, directed by Ugo Falena, with Gemma Bellincioni, who had created the role of Santuzza in the opera's world premiere.
• The 1953 film directed by Carmine Gallone, using actors miming to the voices of opera singers, with a young Anthony Quinn as Alfio miming to the voice of Tito Gobbi. (Released in the US with the title Fatal Desire )
• The 1968 film directed by Åke Falck, with Fiorenza Cossotto as Santuzza, Gianfranco Cecchele as Turiddu, Giangiacomo Guelfi as Alfio and Anna di Stasio as Lucia. (La Scala, Milan conducted by Herbert Von Karajan.)
• The 1982 film directed by Franco Zeffirelli, using opera singers for actors with Plácido Domingo as Turiddu, Yelena Obraztsova as Santuzza, Renato Bruson as Alfio and Fedora Barbieri as Lucia.

The opera's symphonic Intermezzo has figured in the sound track of several films, most notably in the opening of Raging Bull ^[11] and in The Godfather Part III which featured a performance of the opera as a key part of the film's climax. ^[12]

References

1. Sims, M. 2007
2. Willard, A., 1893
3. Sanvitale, Francesco, ''La romanza italiana da salotto'', EDT srl, 2002, p. 491
4. Stevens, D., 2001
5. Schweisheimer, W., 1946
6. ''Time Magazine'', August 13, 1945.
7. Kobbé, G., 1919
8. New York Metropolitan Opera Performance Archives
9. For complete discographies, see Mascagni.org and Flury, R. (2001) ''Pietro Mascagni - A Bio-Bibliography'', Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-29662-6
10. The first recording was sung in German and is available on the True Transfers label (TT CD 1815).
11. Powrie and Stilwell, 2006, p. 21.
12. Lauri-Lucente, 2003