The Oakland Raiders are a professional American football team based in the city of Oakland, California. They currently play in the Western Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Raiders began play in 1960 as the eighth charter member of the American Football League (AFL), where they won one championship and three division titles. The team joined the NFL in 1970 as part of the AFL–NFL merger. Since joining the NFL, the Raiders have won twelve division titles and three Super Bowls (XI, XV, XVIII), and have appeared in one other Super Bowl. Thirteen former players have been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. During their first three seasons, the Raiders struggled both on and off the field. In 1963, Al Davis was brought to the team as head coach and general manager, and from 1963 until 2002 the team had only seven losing seasons. He also initiated the use of team slogans such as "Pride and Poise," "Commitment to Excellence," and "Just Win, Baby"—all of which are registered trademarks. [1] [2] [3] Except for a brief term as AFL Commissioner in 1966, Davis has been with the team continuously. Upon his return to Oakland in 1966, he became a managing partner of the franchise. After a few years of legal battles, Davis moved the team from Oakland to Los Angeles, California, in 1982. While in Los Angeles, the Raiders won their third Super Bowl, but made just two playoff appearances through the rest of the 1980s. In 1995, Davis moved the team back to Oakland. In 2000, head coach Jon Gruden led Oakland to a 12–4 season and their first division title since 1990, which was the first of a 3-year winning streak for the Raiders in the AFC West. In 2002, under head coach Bill Callahan, Oakland faced Gruden's Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Super Bowl XXXVII, where the team lost a lopsided affair, 48–21. Following the loss, the Raiders won a league-worst 24 games during the six full seasons from 2003-2008 (two fewer wins than the 26 posted by the next worst team, the Detroit Lions).

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Franchise history

The early years (1960–62)

A few months after the first AFL draft in 1959, the owners of the yet-unnamed Minneapolis expansion team accepted an offer to join the established National Football League as an expansion team (now called the Minnesota Vikings) in 1961, sending the AFL scrambling for a replacement. ^{[4] [5]} At the time, Oakland seemed an unlikely venue for a professional football team. The city had not asked for a team, there was no ownership group and there was no stadium in Oakland suitable for pro football (the closest stadiums were in Berkeley and San Francisco) and there was already a successful NFL franchise in the Bay Area: the San Francisco 49ers. However, the AFL owners selected Oakland after Los Angeles Chargers owner Barron Hilton threatened to forfeit his franchise unless a second team was placed on the West Coast. ^[6] Accordingly, the city of Oakland was awarded the eighth AFL franchise on January 30, 1960, and the team inherited the Minneapolis club's draft picks.

Upon receiving the franchise, Oakland civic leaders found a number of businesspeople willing to invest in the new team. A limited partnership was formed to own the team headed by managing general partner Y. Charles (Chet) Soda (1908-1989), a local real estate developer, and included general partners Ed McGah (1899-1983), Robert Osborne (1898-1968), F. Wayne Valley (1914-1986), restaurateur Harvey Binns (1914-1982), Don Blessing (1917-1990), and contractor Charles Harney (1902-1962) ^[7] as well as numerous limited partners. A "name the team" contest was held by a local newspaper, and the winner was the Oakland Señors. After a few weeks of being the butt of local jokes the fledgling team (and its owners) changed the team's name to the Oakland Raiders, which had finished third in the naming contest. ^[8] The original team colors were black, gold and white. The now-familiar team emblem of a pirate (or "raider") wearing a football helmet was created, reportedly a rendition of actor Randolph Scott. ^[9]

When the University of California, Berkeley refused to let the Raiders play home games at Memorial Stadium in Berkeley, they chose Kezar Stadium in San Francisco as their home field. The team's first regular season home game was played on September 11, 1960, a 37–22 loss to the Houston Oilers. ^[10] Raiders games were broadcast locally on KNBC (680 AM; the station later became KNBR), with Bud Foster handling play-by-play and Mel Venter providing color analysis. ^[11]

When the Raider games were on KDIA (1310 AM) Bob Blum, did the play-by-play and Dan Galvin, did the color. In 1966, Bill King was hired for the play-by-play and Oakland Tribune sports writer, Scotty Sterling as color man.

The Raiders were allowed to move to Candlestick Park for the final three home games of the 1960 season after gaining the approval of San Francisco's Recreation and Park Commission, marking the first time that professional football would be played at the new stadium. ^[12] The change of venue failed to attract larger crowds for the Raiders, with announced attendance of 12,061 (vs. the Chargers in a 41–17 loss on December 4), 9,037 (vs. the New York Titans in a 31–28 loss on December 11) and 7,000 (estimated, vs. the Broncos in a 48–10 victory to close out the season on December 17) at Candlestick.

The Raiders finished their first campaign with a 6–8 record, and lost $500,000. Desperately in need of money to continue running the team, Valley received a $400,000 loan from Buffalo Bills founder Ralph C. Wilson Jr. ^[13]

After the conclusion of the first season Soda dropped out of the partnership, and on January 17, 1961, Valley, McGah and Osborne bought out the remaining four general partners. Soon after, Valley and McGah purchased Osborne's interest, with Valley named as the managing general partner. After splitting the previous home season between Kezar and Candlestick, the Raiders moved exclusively to Candlestick Park in 1961, where total attendance for the season was about 50,000, and finished 2–12. Valley threatened to move the Raiders out of the area unless a stadium was built in Oakland, but in 1962 the Raiders moved into 18,000-seat Frank Youell Field (later expanded to 22,000 seats), their first home in Oakland. ^[14] It was a temporary home for the team while the Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum was under construction. Under Marty Feldman and Red Conkright—the team's second and third head coaches since entering the AFL—the Raiders finished 1–13 in 1962, losing their first 13 games before winning the season finale, and attendance remained low.

Al Davis comes to Oakland (1963–1981)

After the 1962 season, Valley hired Al Davis, a former assistant coach for the San Diego Chargers, as head coach and general manager. At 33, he was the youngest person in professional football history to hold the positions. ^[15] Davis immediately changed the team colors to silver and black (he was reportedly inspired by the Army football black and gray uniforms), and began to implement what he termed the "vertical game," an aggressive offensive strategy based on the West Coast offense developed by Chargers head coach Sid Gillman. ^[16] Under Davis the Raiders improved to 10–4, and he was named the AFL's Coach of the Year in 1963. Though the team slipped to 5–7–2 in 1964, it rebounded to an 8–5–1 record in 1965. In April 1966, Davis left the Raiders after being named AFL Commissioner. Two months later, the league announced its merger with the NFL. With the merger, the position of commissioner was no longer needed, and Davis entered into discussions with Valley about returning to the Raiders. On July 25, 1966, Davis returned as part owner of the team. He purchased a 10 percent interest in the team for US $18,000, and became the team's third general partner and head of football operations. ^{[17] [18]}

On the field, the team Davis had assembled and coached steadily improved. With John Rauch (Davis's hand-picked successor) as head coach, the Raiders won the 1967 AFL Championship, defeating the Houston Oilers 40–7. The win earned the team a trip to Super Bowl II, where they were beaten 33–14 by Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers. The following two years, the Raiders again won Western Division titles, only to lose the AFL Championship to the eventual Super Bowl winners—the New York Jets (1968) and Kansas City Chiefs (1969). In 1970, the AFL–NFL merger took place and the Raiders joined the Western Division of the American Football Conference in the newly merged NFL.

In 1969, John Madden became the team's sixth head coach, and under him the Raiders became one of the most successful franchises in the NFL, winning six division titles during the 1970s. The achievement was marred somewhat by three consecutive losses in AFC Championships from 1973 to 1975, two against the Pittsburgh Steelers. Then, after finishing 13–1 in 1976, the Raiders defeated the Steelers 24–7 in the AFC Championship game. Oakland then defeated the Minnesota Vikings, 32–14, in Super Bowl XI for the franchise's first NFL championship.

In 1972, with Wayne Valley out of the country for several weeks attending the Olympic Games in Munich, Davis's attorneys drafted a revised partnership agreement that gave him total control over all of the Raiders' operations. McGah, a supporter of Davis, signed the agreement. Under partnership law, by a 2–1 vote of the general partners, the new agreement was thus ratified. Valley was furious when he discovered this, and immediately filed suit to have the new agreement overturned, but the court sided with Davis and McGah. In January 1976, Valley sold his interest in the team, and Davis — who now owned only 25 percent of the Raiders — was firmly in charge. ^[19]

After ten consecutive winning seasons and one Super Bowl championship, Madden left the Raiders (and coaching) in 1979 to pursue a career as a television football commentator. His replacement was former Raiders quarterback Tom Flores, the first Hispanic head coach in NFL history. ^[20] In the fifth week of the 1980 season, starting quarterback Dan Pastorini broke his leg and was replaced by former number-one draft pick Jim Plunkett. Plunkett led Oakland to an 11–5 record and a wild card berth. After playoff victories against the Houston Oilers, Cleveland Browns, and San Diego Chargers, the Raiders clinched their second NFL championship in five years with a 27–10 win over the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl XV. With the victory, the Raiders became the first ever wild card team to win a Super Bowl." ^[21] Two Super Bowl records of note occurred in this game: 1) Kenny King's 80-yard, first-quarter, catch-and-run reception from Jim Plunkett remained the longest touchdown Super Bowl pass play for the next 23 years; and 2) Rod Martin's three interceptions of Eagles' quarterback Ron Jaworski still stands today as a Super Bowl record. ^[22] Reflecting on the last ten years during the post-game awards ceremony, Al Davis stated "...this was our finest hour, this was the finest hour in the history of the Oakland Raiders. To Tom Flores, the coaches, and the athletes: you were magnificent out there, you really were." ^[23]

Move to Los Angeles (1982–1994)

Before the 1980 season, Al Davis attempted unsuccessfully to have improvements made to Oakland Coliseum, specifically the addition of luxury boxes. That year, he signed a Memorandum of Agreement to move the Raiders from Oakland to Los Angeles. The move, which required three-fourths approval by league owners, was defeated 22–0 (with five owners abstaining). When Davis tried to move the team anyway, he was blocked by an injunction. In response, the Raiders not only became an active partner in an antitrust lawsuit filed by the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (who had recently lost the Los Angeles Rams), but filed an antitrust lawsuit of their own. ^[24] After the first case was declared a mistrial, in May 1982 a second jury found in favor of Davis and the Los Angeles Coliseum, clearing the way for the move. ^{[25] [26] [27]} With the ruling, the Raiders finally relocated to Los Angeles for the 1982 season to play their home games at the Los Angeles Coliseum.

The team finished 8–1 in the strike-shortened 1982 season, first in the AFC, but lost in the second round of the playoffs to the New York Jets. The following season, the team finished 12–4 and won convincingly against the Steelers and Seattle Seahawks in the AFC playoffs. Against the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XVIII, Los Angeles built a 21–3 halftime lead en route to a 38–9 victory and their third NFL championship. The next two seasons, the Raiders qualified for the playoffs but lost in the wild card round and the divisional round, respectively. From 1986 through 1989, Los Angeles finished no better than 8–8 and posted consecutive losing seasons for the first time since 1961–62. After finishing 5–10 in 1987, Tom Flores moved to the front office and was replaced by Denver Broncos offensive assistant coach Mike Shanahan.

After starting the 1989 season with a 1–3 record, Davis fired Shanahan, which began a long-standing feud between the two. ^[28] He was replaced by former Raider offensive lineman Art Shell, who had been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame earlier in the year. With the hiring, Shell became the first African American head coach in the modern NFL era. ^[29] In 1990, Shell led Los Angeles to a 12–4 record and an appearance in the AFC Championship Game, where they lost a lopsided affair to the Buffalo Bills, 51–3.

The team's fortunes faded after the loss. They made two other playoff appearances during the 1990s, and finished higher than third place only three times. This period was marked by the career-ending injury of two-sport athlete Bo Jackson in 1990, the failure of troubled quarterback Todd Marinovich, the acrimonious departure of Marcus Allen in 1993, and the retirement of Hall of Fame defensive end Howie Long after the 1993 season. Shell was fired after posting a 9–7 record in the 1994 season.

Shell's five-plus-year tenure as head coach in Los Angeles was marked particularly by a bitter dispute between star running back Marcus Allen and Al Davis. The exact source of the friction is unknown, but a contract dispute led Davis to refer to Allen as "a cancer on the team." ^[30] By the late 1980s, injuries began to reduce Allen's role in the offense. This role was reduced further in 1987, when the Raiders drafted Bo Jackson—even though he originally decided to not play professional football in 1986 (when drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the first round). ^[31] By 1990, Allen had dropped to fourth on the team's depth chart, leading to resentment on the part of his teammates. In late 1992 Allen lashed out publicly at Davis, and accused him of trying to ruin his career. ^{[32] [33]} In 1993, Allen left to play for the rival Kansas City Chiefs.

As early as 1987, Davis began to seek a new, more modern stadium away from the Coliseum and the dangerous neighborhood that surrounded it at the time (which caused the NFL to schedule the Raiders' Monday Night Football appearances as away games). In addition to sharing the venue with the USC football team, the Coliseum was aging and still lacked the luxury suites and other amenities that Davis was promised when he moved the Raiders to Los Angeles. ^[34] Numerous venues in California were considered, including one near Hollywood Park in Inglewood and another in Carson. In August 1987, it was announced that the city of Irwindale paid Davis USD $10 million as a good-faith deposit for a prospective stadium site. ^[35] When the bid failed, Davis kept the non-refundable deposit. ^{[36] [37]}

In the summer of 1988, rumors of a Raiders return to Oakland intensified when a preseason game against the Houston Oilers was scheduled at Oakland Coliseum. ^[38] Negotiations between Davis and Oakland commenced in January 1989, and on March 11, 1991, Davis announced his intention to bring the Raiders back to Oakland. ^[39] By September 1991, however, numerous delays had prevented the completion of the deal between Davis and Oakland. On September 11, Davis announced a new deal to stay in Los Angeles, leading many fans in Oakland to burn Raiders paraphernalia in disgust. ^{[40] [41]}

Return to Oakland (1995–present)

On June 23, 1995, Davis signed a letter of intent to move the Raiders back to Oakland. The move was approved by the Alameda County Board of Supervisors the following month, ^[42] as well as by the NFL. The move was greeted with much fanfare, and under new head coach Mike White the 1995 season started off well for the team. Oakland started 8–2, but injuries to starting quarterback Jeff Hostetler contributed to a six-game losing streak to end the season, and the Raiders failed to qualify for the playoffs for a second consecutive season.

Gruden era

After three unsuccessful seasons under White and his successor, Joe Bugel, Davis selected a new head coach from outside the Raiders organization for only the second time when he hired Philadelphia Eagles offensive coordinator Jon Gruden, who previously worked for the 49ers and Packers under head coach Mike Holmgren. Under Gruden, the Raiders posted consecutive 8–8 seasons in 1998 and 1999, and climbed out of last place in the AFC West. Oakland finished 12–4 in the 2000 season, the team's most successful in a decade. Led by veteran quarterback Rich Gannon, Oakland won their first division title since 1990, and advanced to the AFC Championship, where they lost 16–3 to the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens.

The Raiders acquired all-time leading receiver Jerry Rice prior to the 2001 season. They finished 10–6 and won a second straight AFC West title but lost their divisional-round playoff game to the eventual Super Bowl champion New England Patriots, in a controversial game that became known as the "Tuck Rule Game." The game was played in a heavy snowstorm, and late in the fourth quarter an apparent fumble by Patriots quarterback Tom Brady was recovered by Raiders linebacker Greg Biekert. However, the play was reviewed and determined to be an incomplete pass (it was ruled that Brady had pump faked and had not yet "tucked" the ball into his body which, by rule, cannot result in a fumble - though this explanation was not given on the field, but after the NFL season had ended). The Patriots retained possession of the ball, and drove for a game-tying field goal. The game went into overtime and the Patriots won, 16–13. ^[43]

Callahan era

Shortly after the season, the Raiders made an unusual move that involved releasing Gruden from his contract and allowing the Tampa Bay Buccaneers to sign him. In return, the Raiders received cash and future draft picks from the Buccaneers. The sudden move came after months of speculation in the media that Davis and Gruden had fallen out both personally and professionally. Bill Callahan, who served as the team's offensive coordinator and offensive line coach during Gruden's tenure, was named head coach. ^[44]

Under Callahan, the Raiders finished the 2002 season 11–5, won their third straight division title, and clinched the top seed in the playoffs. Rich Gannon was named MVP of the NFL after passing for a league-high 4,689 yards. After beating the New York Jets and Tennessee Titans by large margins in the playoffs, the Raiders made their fifth Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XXXVII. Their opponent was the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, coached by Gruden. The Raiders, who had not made significant changes to Gruden's offensive schemes, were intercepted five times by the Buccaneers en route to a 48–21 blowout. Some Tampa Bay players claimed that Gruden had given them so much information on Oakland's offense, they knew exactly what plays were being called. ^{[45] [46]}

Callahan's second season as head coach was considerably less successful. Oakland finished 4–12, their worst showing since 1997. After a late-season loss to the Denver Broncos, a visibly frustrated Callahan exclaimed, "We've got to be the dumbest team in America in terms of playing the game." ^[47] At the end of the 2003 regular season Callahan was fired and replaced by former Washington Redskins head coach Norv Turner.

Coaching carousel (2004–present)

The team's fortunes did not improve in Turner's first year. Oakland finished the 2004 season 5–11, with only one divisional win (a one-point victory over the Broncos in Denver). During a Week 3 victory against the Buccaneers, Rich Gannon suffered a neck injury that ended his season. He never returned to the team and retired before the 2005 season. ^[48] Kerry Collins, who led the New York Giants to an appearance in Super Bowl XXXV and signed with Oakland after the 2003 season, became the team's starting quarterback.

In an effort to bolster their offense, in early 2005 the Raiders acquired Pro Bowl wide receiver Randy Moss via trade with the Minnesota Vikings, and signed free agent running back LaMont Jordan of the New York Jets. After a 4–12 season and a second consecutive last place finish, Turner was fired as head coach. On February 11, 2006 the team announced the return of Art Shell as head coach. In announcing the move, Al Davis said that firing Shell in 1995 had been a mistake. ^[49]

Under Shell, the Raiders lost their first five games in 2006 en route to a 2–14 finish, the team's worst record since 1962. Oakland's offense struggled greatly, scoring just 168 points (fewest in franchise history) and allowing a league-high 72 sacks. Wide receiver Jerry Porter was benched by Shell for most of the season in what many viewed as a personal, rather than football-related, decision. ^[50] The Raiders also earned the right to the first overall pick in the 2007 NFL Draft for the first time since 1962 (as members of the AFL) and the first time as being members of the NFL, by virtue of having the league's worst record. ^[51]

One season into his second run as head coach, Shell was fired on January 4, 2007. ^[52] On January 22, the team announced the hiring of 31-year-old USC offensive coordinator Lane Kiffin, the youngest coach in franchise history and the youngest coach in the NFL. ^[53]In the 2007 NFL Draft, the Raiders selected LSU quarterback JaMarcus Russell with the #1 overall pick. Kiffin coached the Raiders to a 4-12 record in the 2007 season. After months of speculation and rumors, Al Davis fired Kiffin on September 30, 2008 ^[54]. Tom Cable was named as his interim replacement, and officially signed as the 17th head coach of the Oakland Raiders on Tuesday, Feb 3rd, 2009.

Their finish to the 2008 season would turn out to match their best since they lost the Super Bowl in the 2002 season. However, they still finished 5–11 and ended up 3rd in the AFC West, the first time they did not finish last since 2002. In 2008, the Raiders became the first team in NFL history to lose at least 11 games in six straight seasons.

Ownership structure

Legally, the club is a limited partnership with nine partners — Davis and the heirs of the original eight team partners. Since 1972, however Davis has exercised near-complete control as president of the team's general partner, A.D. Football, Inc. Although exact ownership stakes are not known, it has been reported that Davis currently owns 67 percent of the team's shares. ^[55]

Ed McGah, the last of the original eight general partners of the Raiders, died in September 1983. Upon his death, his interest was devised to a family trust, of which his son, E.J. McGah, was the trustee. The younger McGah was himself a part owner of the team, as a limited partner, and died in 2002. Several members of the McGah family filed suit against Davis in October 2003, alleging mismanagement of the team by Davis. The lawsuit sought monetary damages and to remove Davis and A. D. Football, Inc. as the team's managing general partner. Among their specific complaints, the McGahs alleged that Davis failed to provide them with detailed financial information previously provided to Ed and E.J. McGah. The Raiders countered that—under the terms of the partnership agreement as amended in 1972—upon the death of the elder McGah in 1983, his general partner interest converted to that of a limited partner. The team continued to provide the financial information to the younger McGah as a courtesy, though it was under no obligation to do so. ^[56]

The majority of the lawsuit was dismissed in April 2004, when an Alameda County Superior Court judge ruled that the case lacked merit since none of the other partners took part in the lawsuit. ^[57] In October 2005, the lawsuit was settled out of court. The terms of the settlement are confidential, but it was reported that under its terms Davis purchased the McGah family's interest in the Raiders (approximately 31 percent), and for the first time owns a majority interest, speculated to be approximately 67 percent of the team. As a result of the settlement, confidential details concerning Al Davis and the ownership of the Raiders were not released to the public. ^[58]

Recently, Davis has been attempting to sell the 31 percent ownership stake in the team he obtained from the McGah family. He has been unsuccessful in this effort, reportedly because the sale would not give the purchaser any control of the Raiders, even in the event of Davis's death. Full control of the team will be assumed by Davis's wife, Carol, upon his death.

Financial operations

According to a 2006 report released by Forbes Magazine , the Raiders' overall team value of US $736 million ranks 28th out of 32 NFL teams. ^[59] The team ranked in the bottom three in league attendance from 2003–2005, and failed to sell out a majority of their home games. One of the reasons cited for the poor attendance figures was the decision to issue costly Personal Seat Licenses (PSLs) upon the Raiders' return to Oakland in 1995. The PSLs, which ranged in cost from $250 to $4,000, were meant to help repay the $200 million it cost the city of Oakland and Alameda County to expand Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum. They were only valid for 10 years, however, while other teams issue them permanently. As a result, fewer than 31,000 PSLs were sold for a stadium that holds twice that amount. Since 1995, television blackouts of Raiders home games have been common. ^[60]

In November 2005, the team announced that it was taking over ticket sales from the privately run Oakland Football Marketing Association (OFMA), and abolishing PSLs. In February 2006, the team also announced that it would lower ticket prices for most areas of McAfee Coliseum. ^[61] Just prior to the start of the 2006 NFL season, the Raiders revealed that they had sold 37,000 season tickets, up from 29,000 the previous year. ^[62] Despite the team's 2-14 record, they sold out six of their eight home games in 2006. ^[63]

Legal battles

The Raiders and Al Davis have been involved in several lawsuits throughout their history, including ones against the NFL. When the NFL declined to approve the Raiders' move from Oakland to Los Angeles in 1980, the team joined the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission in a lawsuit against the league alleging a violation of antitrust laws. ^[64] The Coliseum Commission received a settlement from the NFL of $19.6 million in 1987. ^[65] In 1986, Davis testified on behalf of the USFL in their unsuccessful antitrust lawsuit against the NFL. He was the only NFL owner to do so. ^[66]

After relocating back to Oakland, the team sued the NFL for interfering with their negotiations to build a new stadium at Hollywood Park prior to the move. The Raiders' lawsuit further contended that they had the rights to the Los Angeles market, and thus were entitled to compensation from the league for giving up those rights by moving to Oakland. A jury found in favor of the NFL in 2001, but the verdict was overturned a year later due to alleged juror misconduct. In February 2005, a California Court of Appeal unanimously upheld the original verdict. ^[67]

When the Raiders moved back from Los Angeles in 1995, the city of Oakland and the Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum Authority agreed to sell Personal Seat Licenses (PSLs) to help pay for the renovations to their stadium. But after games rarely sold out, the Raiders filed suit, claiming that they were misled by the city and the Coliseum Authority with the false promise that there would be sellouts. On November 2, 2005, a settlement was announced, part of which was the abolishment of PSLs as of the 2006 season. ^[68]

In 1996, the team sued the NFL in Santa Clara County, California, in a lawsuit that ultimately included 22 separate causes of action. Included in the team's claims were claims that the Tampa Bay Buccaneers' pirate logo diluted the team's California trademark in its own pirate logo and for trade dress dilution on the ground that the League had improperly permitted other teams (including the Buccaneers and Carolina Panthers) to adopt colors for their uniforms similar to those of the Raiders. Among other things, the lawsuit sought an injunction to prevent the Buccaneers and Panthers from wearing their uniforms while playing in California. In 2003, these claims were dismissed on summary judgment because the relief sought would violate the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. ^[69]

Logos and uniforms

The original Raiders uniforms were black and gold, while the helmets were black with a white stripe and no logo. The team wore this design from 1960–1962. ^[70] When Al Davis became head coach and general manager in 1963, he changed the team's color scheme to silver and black, and added a logo to the helmet. ^[71] This logo is a shield that consists of the word "Raiders" at the top, crossed swords, and the head of a Raider wearing a football helmet. Over the years, it has undergone minor color modifications (such as changing the background from white to black in 1964), but it has essentially remained the same.

The Raiders' current silver and black uniform design has essentially remained the same since it debuted in 1963. It consists of silver helmets, silver pants, and either black or white jerseys. The black jerseys have silver numbers, while the white jerseys have black numbers. Originally, the white jerseys had gold numbers with a black outline, but they were changed to black with a silver outline for the 1964 season. In 1970, the team used silver numerals for the season. However, in 1971 the team again displayed black numerals and have stayed that way ever since (with the exception of the 1994–95 season where they donned the 1963 helmets with the 1970 silver away numbers).

Due to intense heat in the Bay Area, the Raiders wore their white jerseys at home for the first time in their history on September 28, 2008 against the San Diego Chargers.

Rivals

The Oakland Raiders have four primary rivals: their divisional rivals (Denver Broncos, Kansas City Chiefs, and San Diego Chargers) and their geographic rival, the San Francisco 49ers. They also have rivalries with other teams that arose from playoff battles in the past, most notably with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the New England Patriots. The Seattle Seahawks is an old rivalry with Oakland as well, but the rivalry became less relevant with the Seahawks moving from the American Football Conference Western Division to the National Football Conference Western Division.

Divisional rivals

• The Denver Broncos and the Raiders have been divisional rivals since the two teams began play in the AFL in 1960. While the Raiders still hold the advantage in the all-time series (54-40-2), the Broncos have won 21 of the last 27 games (through four weeks of the 2008 season), dating back to the 1995 season, when Mike Shanahan became the Broncos coach. Shanahan coached the Raiders before being fired just four games into the 1989 season, which has only served to intensify this rivalry.
• The Kansas City Chiefs and the Raiders have had several memorable matches and have a bitter divisional rivalry. Oakland lost the 1969 AFL Championship against Kansas City, who appeared in the first Super Bowl. Kansas City leads the overall series 50–44–2.
• The San Diego Chargers' rivalry with Oakland dates to the 1963 season, when the Raiders defeated the heavily-favored Chargers twice, both come-from-behind fourth quarter victories. One of the most memorable games between these teams was the "Holy Roller" game in 1978, in which the Raiders fumbled for a touchdown in a very controversial (and now illegal) play. The Chargers currently have an eleven game win streak against the Raiders, although the Raiders hold the overall series advantage at 54–42–2.

Geographic rival

• The San Francisco 49ers, located on the other side of San Francisco Bay, are the Raiders' geographic rivals. As a result, games between the two are referred to as a "Battle of the Bay." ^{[72] [73]} Since the two teams play in different conferences, regular-season matchups are infrequent. Fans and players of the winning team can claim "bragging rights" as the better team in the area. ^[74] Oakland currently holds a 6-5 edge in the all-time regular season series, although the 49ers won the last time the two teams played each other on October 8, 2006 at Monster Park in San Francisco. The 49ers won the latest match between the teams in a pre-season game on August 22, 2009.

Historic rivals

• The rivalry between the Raiders and the New England Patriots dates to their time in the AFL, but was intensified during a 1978 preseason game, when Patriots wide receiver Darryl Stingley was permanently paralyzed after a vicious hit delivered by Raiders free safety Jack Tatum. The two teams met in a divisional-round playoff game in 2002, which became known as "The Tuck Rule Game." Late in the game, a fumble by Patriots quarterback Tom Brady was overturned, and New England went on to win in overtime and eventually won the Super Bowl against the heavily favored St. Louis Rams. ^[75] Since that game, the Patriots have won two of the last three regular season contests between the two teams. The first contest being the following year during the 2002 season in Oakland, with the Raiders winning 28–21; they met on the 2005 season opener in New England with the Patriots ruinning Randy Moss's debut as an Oakland Raider 30-20;the most recent meeting saw the Patriots victorious, 49–26 during the 2008 season.
• The New York Jets began a strong rivalry with the Raiders in the AFL during the 1960s that continued through much of the 1970s, fueled in part by Raider Ike Lassiter breaking star quarterback Joe Namath's jaw during a 1967 game (though Ben Davidson wrongly got the blame), ^[76] the famous Heidi Game during the 1968 season, and the Raiders' bitter loss to the Jets in the AFL Championship later that season. The rivalry waned in later years, but saw a minor resurgence due to some late-season and playoff meetings from 2000-2002. ^{[77] [78]} The Raiders won the most recent matchup 16-13 on October 19, 2008.
• The Pittsburgh Steelers' rivalry with the Raiders was extremely intense during the 1970s. The Steelers knocked the Raiders out of the playoffs in three of four consecutive seasons in the early 1970s (the first loss was the "Immaculate Reception" game) until the Raiders finally beat the Steelers in the 1976 AFC Championship (and went on to win Super Bowl XI). During the 1975 AFC Championship game, Raiders strong safety George Atkinson delivered a hit on Pittsburgh wide receiver Lynn Swann that gave him a concussion. When the two teams met in the 1976 season opener, Atkinson hit Swann again and gave him another concussion. After the second incident, Steelers head coach Chuck Noll referred to Atkinson as part of the "criminal element" in the NFL. Atkinson subsequently filed a $2 million defamation lawsuit against Noll and the Steelers, which he lost. ^[79] Most recently, Oakland recorded a 20-13 win over Pittsburgh on October 29, 2006.

Raider Nation

The nickname Raider Nation refers to the die hard fans of the team spread throughout the United States and the world. ^[80] Members of the Raider Nation who attend home games are known for arriving to the stadium early, tailgating, dressing up in face masks, and black outfits. The Raider Nation is also known for the "Black Hole", a specific area of the Coliseum (sections 104, 105, 106, and 107) frequented by the team's rowdiest and most fervent fans. ^{[81] [82] [83]}

Raiders Radio Network

Raider games are broadcast in English on 20 radio stations in California, including flagship station KSFO (560 AM) in San Francisco and KCAL-FM (96.7FM) in Riverside-San Bernardino. Additionally, games are broadcast on ten radio stations in Hawaii, Oregon, Nevada, New Mexico, and British Columbia. Greg Papa is the play-by-play announcer, with former Raider coach and quarterback Tom Flores doing commentary. George Atkinson and Jim Plunkett offer pre- and post-game commentary. Raider games are also broadcast in Spanish on six radio stations, including station KZSF (1370 AM) in San Jose and five other stations in California's Central Valley. Erwin Higueros handles play-by-play in Spanish, with Ambrosio Rico doing commentary.

Season-by-season records

Players

Current roster

Quarterbacks  2 JaMarcus Russell  8 Marques Tuiasosopo 16 Andrew Walter Running Backs 29 Michael Bush RB/FB 25 Justin Fargas 44 Luke Lawton FB 20 Darren McFadden 41 Louis Rankin Wide Receivers 89 Ronald Curry 15 Johnnie Lee Higgins PR 10 Johnathan Holland 87 Ashley Lelie 81 Chaz Schilens 19 Todd Watkins Tight Ends 80 Zach Miller 86 Tony Stewart		Offensive Linemen 66 Cooper Carlisle G 76 Robert Gallery G 74 Cornell Green T 64 Jake Grove C 77 Kwame Harris T 75 Mario Henderson T 69 James Marten T 51 Chris Morris G/C 71 John Wade C Defensive Linemen 56 Derrick Burgess DE 58 Kalimba Edwards DE 97 Greyson Gunheim DE 96 William Joseph DT 93 Tommy Kelly DT 98 Jay Richardson DE 90 Terdell Sands DT 91 Trevor Scott DE 61 Gerard Warren DT		Linebackers 55 Jon Alston OLB 57 Ricky Brown OLB 95 Marquis Cooper OLB 50 Isaiah Ekejiuba ILB 53 Thomas Howard OLB 52 Kirk Morrison ILB 54 Sam Williams OLB Defensive Backs 21 Nnamdi Asomugha CB 27 Rashad Baker SS 39 Darrick Brown CB 31 Hiram Eugene FS 24 Michael Huff FS 37 Chris Johnson CB 22 Justin Miller CB/KR 26 Stanford Routt CB 28 Gibril Wilson SS Special Teams 59 Jon Condo LS 11 Sebastian Janikowski K  9 Shane Lechler P		Reserve Lists 35 John Bowie CB (IR) 33 Tyvon Branch SS (IR) 18 Drew Carter WR (IR) 36 Justin Griffith FB (IR) 79 Paul McQuistan G/T (IR) 46 Oren O'Neal FB (IR) 14 Arman Shields WR (IR) 84 Javon Walker WR (IR) 63 Mark Wilson OT (IR) Practice Squad 62 Robert Felton G 92 Derrick Gray DE 17 D. J. Hall WR 73 Mauricio Lopez DT Int'l  7 Jeff Otis QB 45 Marcel Reece FB  4 Ricky Schmitt P 82 Darrell Strong TE 70 Brandon Torrey T/G Rookies in italics updated 2008-12-17 • 53 Active, 9 Inactive, 8 PS ? More rosters

Pro Football Hall of Famers

The Pro Football Hall of Fame has inducted eleven players who made their primary contribution to professional football while with the Raiders, in addition to owner Al Davis and head coach John Madden. The Raiders' total of thirteen Hall of Famers is tied for seventh-highest with the St. Louis Rams. ^[84]

Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders Hall of Famers
No.	Player	Inducted	Positions	Years with Raiders
32	Marcus Allen	2003	HB	1982–1992
25	Fred Biletnikoff	1988	WR	1965–1978
16	George Blanda	1981	QB, K	1967–1975
76	Bob Brown	2004	OT	1971-1973
24	Willie Brown	1984	CB	1967–1978
87	Dave Casper	2002	TE	1974–1980, 1984
—	Al Davis	1992	Team, League administrator	1963–1965, 1966–present
29	Eric Dickerson	1999	HB	1992
22	Mike Haynes	1997	CB	1983–1989
83	Ted Hendricks	1990	LB	1975–1983
80	James Lofton	2003	WR	1987-1988
75	Howie Long	2000	DE	1981–1993
42	Ronnie Lott	2000	S	1991-1992
—	John Madden	2006	Head coach	1969–1978
74	Ron Mix	1979	OT	1971
00	Jim Otto	1980	C	1960–1974
78	Art Shell	1989	OT	1968–1982
63	Gene Upshaw	1987	G	1967–1981
26	Rod Woodson	2009	S	2002-2003

Retired numbers

The Raider organization does not retire the jersey numbers of former players on an official or unofficial basis. The number 00, worn by Jim Otto for his entire career, is no longer allowed by the NFL. ^[85] It was originally permitted for him only by the AFL as a marketing gimmick since his jersey number 00 is a homonym pun of his name (aught-O).

Staff

Current staff

	Front Office President/Managing General Partner - Al Davis Chief Executive Officer - Amy Trask Chief Financial Officer - Marc Badain Senior Personnel Executive - Rich Snead Director of Football Development - Mark Jackson Salary Cap Administrator - Tom Delaney Director of College Scouting - Jon Kingdon Head Coaches Interim Head Coach/Offensive Line - Tom Cable Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator - Greg Knapp Quarterbacks - John DeFilippo Running Backs - Tom Rathman Wide Receivers - James Lofton Tight Ends - Kelly Skipper Assistant Offensive Line - James Cregg Offensive Quality Control - Adam Henry Offensive Quality Control - Sanjay Lal			Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator - Rob Ryan Defensive Line - Keith Millard Assistant Defensive Line - Don Johnson Linebackers - Don Martindale Defensive Backs - Darren Perry Defensive Backs/Squad Development - Willie Brown Assistant Defensive Backs - Randy Hanson Defensive Quality Control - George Martinez Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator - Brian Schneider Special Teams Quality Control - John Fassel Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning - Brad Roll ? ? More NFL staffs

Head coaches

Notes and References

1. "Pride and Poise" trademark information
2. "Commitment to Excellence" trademark information
3. "Just Win, Baby" trademark information
4. Pro Football Hall of Fame - Oakland Raiders
5. Dickey, ''Just Win, Baby'', p. 7.
6. Dickey, ''Just Win, Baby'', pp. 7–8.
7. Harney was the builder of San Francisco's Candlestick Park, built on a bleak parcel of land he owned; to date, the road leading to the stadium is known as Harney Way. With a push from Harney, the Raiders were allowed to play their final three 1960 home games at Candlestick.
8. Dickey, ''Just Win, Baby'', p. 8.
9. Otto, ''The Pain of Glory'', p. 69.
10. Title Unavailable
11. Title Unavailable
12. ''Raiders Get OK At Candlestick''
13. Raiders - The Complete History
14. Dickey, ''Just Win, Baby'', p. 10.
15. Raiders Stun Chargers with 31-Point 4th Quarter Outburst
16. Memories of Sid Gillman
17. A New Test For an Old Raider
18. Dickey, ''Just Win, Baby'', p. 41.
19. Dickey, ''Just Win, Baby'', pp. 98–101.
20. 1980 Raiders were outcasts, champions
21. The Wild Cards Run Wild
22. Quiz XLII Super Bowl Questions!"
23. Football's Blackest Hole: A Fan's Perspective; Craig Parker; Frog, Ltd.; Berkeley, CA; 2003; pg. 69.
24. Dickey, ''Just Win, Baby''. p. 168.
25. Dickey, ''Just Win, Baby''. p. 172.
26. Al Davis biography
27. Good guys wear black
28. Raiders, Broncos renew rivalry
29. Coaches chasing Super Bowl — and history
30. Allen no stranger to big plays
31. Bo knows stardom and disappointment
32. Before Raiders start, let's look at Shell's first term
33. Raiders' Allen Irked at Davis
34. Dickey, ''Just Win, Baby''. p. 230.
35. Dickey, ''Just Win, Baby''. p. 232.
36. Al Davis may retire if Raiders win
37. Shades of Gray
38. Dickey, ''Just Win, Baby''. p. 234.
39. Dickey, ''Just Win, Baby''. pp. 234–239.
40. Dickey, ''Just Win, Baby''. pp. 240–244.
41. Just Give Me $10 Million, Baby
42. Raiders' Move Is Approved
43. Conspiracy theorists have a fresh cause
44. Raiders promote Callahan to head coach
45. Gruden proves how much coaching matters
46. The worst decisions in Super Bowl history
47. Portis runs Denver past error-prone Raiders
48. Gannon makes it official -- he's done
49. Shell to return to Raiders as head coach
50. Shell out after one season as Raiders coach
51. Raiders secure top draft pick for first time since 1962
52. Shell fired by Raiders again - Davis called coach's '94 dismissal 'a mistake'; apparently thought rehiring was another
53. Raiders hire USC's Kiffin to be head coach
54. http://www.nfl.com/news/story?id=09000d5d80b41921&template=with-video&confirm=true
55. No takers for 31% share of Raiders
56. Raiders co-owner wants to boot Davis
57. Judge rules Davis will remain a Raider
58. Raiders ownership suit settled
59. NFL Team Valuations - #28 Oakland Raiders
60. Raiders reach pact with Oakland/No more PSLs -- team will take over marketing duties
61. Raiders cut ticket prices at Coliseum
62. Raiders post solid numbers already
63. "Gabriel's release, return mystery" (sellout info in Notes)
64. NFL History (1971-1980)
65. N.F.L. Settles Coliseum Suit
66. Just do it, baby
67. Appellate court rules for NFL in Raiders case
68. Raiders reach pact with Oakland-No more PSLs -- team will take over marketing duties
69. Winning the Big Game
70. Raiders uniform/helmet design, 1960-62
71. Raiders uniform/helmet design, 1963
72. Raiders Topple 49ers 35-24 in Battle of the Bay
73. 49ers And Raiders Stagger Into Battle
74. Not much to brag about For Raiders, it's not just another game
75. Patriots-Raiders: No love lost over time
76. Jets-Raiders series boasts several classics
77. Raiders and Jets renew a peculiar rivalry
78. Epic Rivalries: Raiders vs. Jets
79. Raiders of the lost rivalry
80. Raider Nation's citizens span globe–Mystique, power of Silver and Black quicken the pulse of teaming hordes
81. Sweetheart of the Hole
82. Super Bowl XXXVII: Raider nation
83. Entering the 'black hole'
84. Hall of Famers by Franchise
85. Football 101 - Uniform Numbering System

See also

• Heidi Game
• Holy Roller
• Immaculate Reception
• Ghost to the Post
• Sea of Hands
• Super Bowl XI
• Red Right 88
• Super Bowl XV
• Black Sunday
• Tuck Rule Game
• Mount Davis