The Toledo Rockets
are the athletic teams that represent the University of Toledo. The Rockets are a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision team in the National Collegiate Athletic Association and play in the Mid-American Conference (MAC). The school's colors are midnight blue and gold.
Toledo's principal rivals are the Falcons of Bowling Green State University. The two teams play for a trophy each year known as the Peace Pipe, a prize that originated in basketball but progressed to football in 1980. BGSU currently holds a 36–31–4 advantage over the Rockets, but Toledo has won four of the last five meetings. This rivalry is sometimes known as "The Battle for I-75"
because the cities of Toledo and Bowling Green are located just off Interstate 75 and only 20 miles separate the two campuses. However this term is more popular by the local television media, particularly sportscasters with little local history of the area. I-75 only came into being in the late 1960s, and locals don't recall the term "The Battle for US-25" since it was the road I-75 replaced. The interstate is more significant to Bowling Green as it borders campus, where in Toledo, it is five miles to the west.
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TOLEDO ROCKETS TICKETS
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Origin of nickname
When The University of Toledo played the then-powerful Carnegie Institute of Technology in football on September 29, 1923, Pittsburgh sports writers were surprised to learn that UT did not have a nickname. Though an underdog, Toledo fought formidably, recovering a series of embarrassing fumbles by favored Tech. Pittsburgh writers pressed James E. Neal (1904–1983),
[1] [2] a UT junior pharmacy student who was working in the press box, to come up with a nickname for his school's team. Despite UT's 32-12 loss, the student labeled the team "Skyrockets," obviously impressed by his alma mater's flashy performance against a superior team. William B. Hook, who started as an unknown substitute guard and ended a hero, grabbed a Carnegie fumble out of the air and raced 99 yards for a touchdown. A sportswriters remarked that Hook looked more like a rocket than a skyrocket as Carnegie Tech players failed to overtake him. Other writers began using the name "Rockets" with quotation marks in their stories, but after one week the quotation marks were dropped and The University of Toledo's nickname remained the Rockets.
The Rivalry
The Bowling Green State University Falcons have been The University of Toledo Rocket’s biggest rival dating back to 1919. The outcome of the UT-BG game is never predictable due to the extreme ambition of both teams to defeat their rival. In 1935, UT rocketed past the Falcons in a 63-0 blowout and the fans went crazy causing an outbreak of riots. As a result, Bowling Green removed Toledo from their athletic play list until 1947.
When the Rocket’s resumed play against Bowling Green, the Peace Pipe was instated as a basketball award. There allegedly used to be a ceremony involving journalistic organizations from the University of Toledo and Bowling Green at halftime of one of the UT-BG basketball games every year. Representatives from each school’s newspaper smoked a six-foot peace pipe, carved from wood with the winning school keeping the pipe until the renewal of the tradition the following basketball season. Unfortunately in 1969, the tradition came to an abrupt end when an unidentified person stole the pipe from its resting-place in the Collegian office. The thief was never caught, nor was the pipe ever recovered. The tradition was reinstated in 1980 for football with a miniature peace pipe replica resting atop a trophy created by Frank Kralik, former UT football player, as an award for the winner of the annual gridiron battle between Toledo and Bowling Green.
Football
Timeline
1917
Dean Brandeberry is "selected" coach when he begins conversing with some students on the gravel field near the 11th Street UT campus. Team member Charles Morgan later says, "Nobody else wanted the job." Each of the team's 13 members purchases his own uniform. The team has no practice scrimmages prior to playing the first game in school history, a contest at powerful Detroit. UT not only loses the game, 145-0, it loses four players to injury. Toledo finishes the season 0-3, outscored 262-0 by its opponents.
1918
The first win in school history comes over Defiance, 19-12. UT finishes the season with a 1-1 record.
1919
Toledo meets Bowling Green for the first time, and wins, 6-0.
1919
Varsity "T" Club members organize and select blue and gold colors for the team and school.
1920s
The Blade newspaper refers to the team as "Munies," short for Municipal University, and also as the "Fighters."
1922
The first football field is built at Scott Park. Seating, consisting of seven rows of wooden bleachers, is added in 1923. From 1918-1936 games are also played at Armory Park, and Waite, Scott, Libbey and St. John's high schools.
1922
Lee McKinnon, a UT professor, acts as the first team statistician.
1922
The first "big" win is a 3-0 decision over Ohio Conference power Muskingum, played at Scott Park.
1923
Gib Stick becomes the first "superstar" in school history. Over four years, Stick scores 24 touchdowns, including five in one game. He later plays professionally with the Detroit Panthers.
1923
Toledo acquires its current nickname following a game with powerful Carnegie Tech. Surprised to learn that Toledo has no nickname, Pittsburgh sports writers pressure James Neal, a UT student working in the press box, to come up with one. Neal, impressed with his team's flashy performance against a superior Carnegie Tech team, labels UT the "Skyrockets," which the writers shorten to "Rockets."
1923
Toledo wins its first football championship, also the school's first in any sport. The Rockets win the Northwest Ohio Conference, which also includes Bowling Green, Bluffton, Findlay, Heidelberg and Defiance. Toledo finishes the season at 6-4, the first winning campaign in the program's seven-year history.
1923
Jim Pierce is the first black team captain, and becomes a professor upon graduation.
1923
The first homecoming game is played, a 27-0 win over Bowling Green.
1924
After Toledo defeats Bowling Green, 12-7, controversy erupts when BGSU alleges that the Rockets used an illegal player. Athletic competition between the two schools is suspended from 1925-27.
1925
Numbers are worn on jerseys for the first time.
1927
Toledo wins its second league championship, taking the NWO title and posting a 5-2 record.
1929
The UT marching band, 30 members strong, appears for the first time at a home football game. Toledo and Bowling Green tie, 0-0, and share the league title.
1929
The football budget has grown to $2,000.
1930
The first game programs are featured at a game against Heidelberg in the Waite Bowl. Printed by Franklin Hawkins, they sell for five cents each.
1930
The first spring practice is conducted by athletic director Dave Connelly. Jim Nicholson is named the first full-time coach and takes over for the 1930 season.
1931
Amid the Great Depression, football is cancelled due to a lack of funds.
1932
Plans are drawn for a 5,000-seat steel and concrete stadium.
1932
The fight song is written by Athletic Director Connelly.
1933
Jerry Welling, a halfback, is the first Rocket voted All-Ohio (by AP). He leads Ohio college scorers with 66 points.
1934
The first night game is played, a 20-0 victory over Capital, at Swayne Field.
1935
A Toledo game is broadcast on radio for the first time, as the Rockets defeat Dennison, 13-0.
1935
Toledo defeats Bowling Green, 63-0. BGSU drops UT from its schedule until the 1948 season.
1936
Glass Bowl Stadium is built on the present-day UT campus. A Works Progress Administration project, it is paid for with a $272,000 grant from the federal government and $41,558 from the city of Toledo and the university.
1937
Marty Slovak becomes the first Rocket to play in the National Football League, signing with the Cleveland Rams.
1937
The Glass Bowl is dedicated in a game versus Akron.
1938
Don Bukovich is named a "Little" All-American.
1938
Players use the towers in the Glass Bowl as living quarters.
1938
UT hosts and defeats 12th-ranked Marshall, 13-7, in front of 9,500 fans.
1938
Toledo participates in its first post-season game, a 13-7 win over St. Mary's of San Antonio, Texas.
1942
Emlen Tunnell stars for Toledo, and is later voted into the NFL Hall of Fame.
1943
With the country at war, football is suspended from 1943-45.
1946
Toledo hosts the first of four post-season contests known as the Glass Bowl Game. A record crowd of 13,500 watches UT defeat Bates College, 21-12.
1948
The first Toledo football game is televised by WSPD-TV13.
1948
Chuck Hardy returns a kickoff for a 101-yard touchdown, to this day a UT record.
1949
All home games are televised by Channel 13.
1951
UT sets the school's single-game scoring record in an 88-0 rout of Davis and Elkins.
1952
Toledo plays its first season in the Mid-American Conference, which at the time also includes Cincinnati, Miami, Ohio, Bowling Green, Kent, Western Michigan and Western Reserve.
1954
Mel Triplett is the starting fullback, and later plays eight seasons in the NFL where he stars on the 1956 world champion New York Giants.
1967
Toledo wins its first MAC title. After a season-opening loss to Ohio, the Rockets reel off nine straight wins.
1969
A 45-18 win over Villanova marks the beginning of Toledo's famed 35-game winning streak, second only in NCAA history to Oklahoma's 49 straight.
1969
Ken Crots makes a record-setting 77th consecutive point after touchdown in a 34-9 win over Ohio.
1969
The Rockets win their second MAC title and end an 11-0 season by defeating Davidson, 56-33, in the Tangerine Bowl.
1970
Toledo thrashes William and Mary, 40-12, in the Tangerine Bowl, finishes 12-0 and is ranked 12th in the final AP poll.
1971
Toledo leads the nation in total defense for the third consecutive year.
1971
Mel Long becomes the first and only consensus All-American in MAC history. Long later plays with the Cleveland Browns.
1971
The Rockets win a third-consecutive MAC title and their fourth in five years.
1971
Toledo is 12-0 and ranked 14th in the final AP poll following a 28-3 victory over Richmond in the Tangerine Bowl.
1971
Rocket quarterback Chuck Ealey is named MAC Player of the Year for the third time, and finishes eighth in the Heisman Trophy balloting. He later stars in the CFL.
1975
UT quarterback Gene Swick becomes the first player in NCAA history to reach 8,000 yards in career total offense.
1975
Swick leads the nation in total offense and finishes 10th in voting for the Heisman Trophy.
1980
The annual Peace Pipe trophy, given to the winner of the Toledo-Bowling Green game, is awarded for the first time.
1981
Toledo wins its fifth MAC title and stuns 20th-ranked San Jose, 27-25, in the inaugural California Bowl.
1982
A Glass Bowl record crowd of 31,369 watches Toledo defeat Bowling Green, 24-10.
1984
Toledo wins its sixth MAC title, and makes a second appearance in the California Bowl.
1990
Toledo ties Central Michigan for the MAC title, UT's seventh MAC crown—the most by any conference school in the last 25 years.
1992
The Rockets upset Purdue, 33-29, the first win in UT history over a Big Ten opponent. Kevin Meger sets school records for pass completions (33) and attempts (52) in a game, throwing for 305 yards and a touchdown. Meger is named Sports Illustrated national offensive player of the week.
1993
The Denver Broncos, with the 11th pick in the NFL draft, select UT defensive end Dan Williams. A two-time All-MAC first-teamer, Williams is the first in Rocket history to be selected in the draft's first round, and the second highest pick in MAC history.
1995
Toledo wins the eighth MAC title in school history, posting a 7-0-1 conference mark. Wasean Tait receives the MAC Vern Smith Award (Most Valuable Player) and Gary Pinkel wins MAC Coach of the Year and Ohio College Coach of the Year honors.
1995
The Rockets complete the fourth undefeated season in school history (11-0-1) with a 40-37 victory over Nevada in the Las Vegas Bowl. Wasean Tait scores from two yards out for the winning points in the first overtime game in NCAA Div. I-A history.
1995
Toledo is ranked 22nd in the final UPI poll, 24th in the AP poll and 24th in the CNN/USA Today poll. Wasean Tait finishes second in the nation in rushing, tallying a MAC record 1,905 yards.
1997
Toledo begins its season with a 36-22 upset of Purdue, and proceeds to an 8-0 record. Before the streak was snapped with a loss at Ball State, the Rockets were ranked No. 18 in the AP poll and No. 20 in the CNN/USA Today poll. The Rockets go on to win the MAC West title.
1997
Coach Gary Pinkel is named MAC Coach of the Year for the second time.
1997
Cornerback Clarence Love is taken in the fourth round of the NFL draft by Philadelphia. Defensive tackle Jason Richards signs a free agent contract with Tennessee immediately after the draft.
1998
Former Rocket Mel Long, Sr., is inducted into the National College Football Hall of Fame.
1998
The Rockets repeat as MAC West champions.
1999
Former Rocket Tyrone Brown plays in the Super Bowl as a member of the Atlanta Falcons.
2008
Toledo Beats University of Michigan (1st MAC team to ever beat them) 13-10.
2008
Toledo's head coach of 8 years "Toledo Tom" Amstutz retires. Amstutz lead the Rockets to 4 bowl games, 2 MAC championships, and had an overall record of 57-38.
2009
Toledo hires new head coach Tim Beckman, former defensive coordinator for Oklahoma State.
Cannon
Everyone who attends a Rockets football game knows when UT scores by the traditional "boom" of the football cannon.
The cannon originates from a Pi Kappa Phi fraternity member who bartered his cannon for his fraternity dues because he was short on money. The cannon is a Civil War era model, one of the oldest around.
In 1953, the men of Pi Kappa Phi fraternity fired the first cannon shot at a Rocket's football game from aloft the northeast Blockhouse in the Glass Bowl stadium. The cannon continued to be fired from this position until 1989, when the cannon had to be moved to the field because of structural concerns with the Blockhouse. In 1990, the cannon was fired from the northwest corner of the end zone. Then during the beginning of the 1995 football season, because of concerns of the on-field media, the administration decided to move the cannon once more to the southeast corner of the field near the student section. In 2008 Toledo's Desmond Marrow slid into the cannon on accident and partially broke the cannon. The cannon was repaired and moved to its present day location on the north wall of the Glass Bowl.
Blasts are fired at the beginning of each home game, at the end of each quarter, and after every Rocket score. The Toledo community will continue to hear the continuous score of the Rockets football team through the mighty sound of the cannon at each home game.
The University of Toledo/Bowling Green Ball Run
On October 24, 1981, the residence hall staff of Carter Hall initiated a new tradition which accompanied the UT vs. BG football game. The UT/BG Ball Run began as a staff unity project, but is now used to promote a “good-spirit rivalry” between Toledo and Bowling Green. This tradition involves running a football 25 miles from the visiting team’s campus to the home stadium of each year’s battle. The game ball switches many hands as numerous student organizations and individuals each run a mile in this annual charity fundraiser. In the past, this marathon relay has been a competition against BG for the fastest time and most charity money raised by each team. On October 5, 1996, UT’s Chi Omega sorority began leading the annual run and then on November 23, 2001 The University of Toledo Student Government began to conduct the UT/BG Ball Run.
Lot 10
Lot 10 is the parking lot located directly north of the Glass Bowl. On gamedays it is shut down in the early morning for tailgating. The University of Toledo is revered for its school spirit and tailgaiting abilities. Tailgaiting festivities include cornhole, barbecuing, a radio station reporting, cheering for the Toledo Rockets, and a small part of the Rocket Marching Band walking around playing the fight song and other songs to work the crowd into a frenzy.
The Jambulance
The "Jambulance" is an alumni-owned former ambulance that serves as an unofficial liaison between University of Toledo (UT) Rockets sports fans and those fans from other universities who share a passion for tailgating. Since its first season on the road back in 2005, the UT Jambulance has traveled from its home base in Toledo, Ohio all the way to such places as Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Mobile, Alabama, Ames, Iowa, and Lawrence, Kansas to follow and support the Toledo Rockets.
The Jambulance consistently receives comments from fans that it is "the best tailgating vehicle we've ever seen".
Basketball
Other sports
Among other sports, Toledo consistently fields strong distance running teams; Brianna Shook '04, who is also an assistant track coach at the school, holds the American record for the
steeplechase.
Rocky the Rocket
Rocky the Rocket, The University of Toledo's powerful mascot, was created in the 1966-67 academic year by the Spirits and Traditions committee, an appendage of Student Government, with various students being chosen to dressing up for a couple different games.
Then in the fall of 1968, Rocky was taken under the wing of Dan Seemann, Director of Student Activities at the time, and the First Official Rocky the Rocket, Bill Navarre, emerged. Bill displayed his super spirit at UT both home and away football and basketball games in the Rocky the Rocket costume which was made by the theatre department seamstress and passed down to him … a wastepaper basket with a pointed rocket top made of papier-mâché.
In the past, Rocky was run through the Student Activities office, but now Rocky is supported by the Athletics Department.
Any student can try-out in the spring semester to be Rocky for the following year. A potential Rocky must be fun, committed, good with children, spirited, crazy, and able to communicate through non-verbal methods.
Our mighty mascot can be viewed at various university sponsored events including pep rallies, home and away football games, men and women's basketball games and the Homecoming parade.
Rocky can always be seen battling other mascots and rocketing around the games cheering UT men and women onto VICTORY!
Over the years Rocky's costume has changed many times:
In the early 70s, Rocky wore a tall metal rocket helmet with many different jumpsuit type outfits, including such items as bellbottom pants.
In 1977, an authentic spacesuit, helmet, and boots were donated to the university by the NASA Space Center in Houston, Texas with the help of former Ohio astronaut and Senator, John Glenn. The space suit was used for football games, but because of its mass, a lightweight replica was used for the basketball season.
Both suits were used until 1980 when Rocky took on a more futuristic look in a costume that was designed to present more of a space rocket image.
Another Rocky costume, which was plush with huge feet, was introduced in 1983, but was only used until 1986 when a big blue plush Rocky with smaller feet was unveiled. Throughout the late 80s and most of the 90s only minor changes were made to Rocky's costume.
In 1998, at the Bowling Green football game, the old Rocky got into a limousine and the new Rocky stepped out and displayed the new blue and gold rocket man Rocky costume, complete with jetpack, to everyone in attendance.
In 2002, an inflatable Rocky the Rocket was unveiled as an addition to the Rocket man Rocky.
In 2008 the Rocket man Rocky and the inflatable Rocky the Rocket were retired and a new foam Rocket man Rocky arrived on the field of the Glass Bowl on a motorcycle.
Facilities
The Glass Bowl
Football at The University of Toledo started in 1917 with an upsetting 145 to 0 loss to The University of Detroit. For twenty years, UT football teams were moved from one stadium to another including Armory Park, Waite Bowl, the Nebraska Avenue grounds, St. John's field, Swayne Field and Libbey Stadium.
Finally in 1937, The University of Toledo's football team resided in its permanent home on the University's Bancroft Campus. Construction of the field, which is set in a natural bowl, began in February 1936 as a project of the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression. The only means of construction were picks, shovels, and wheelbarrows. The original design of the stadium had a seating capacity of 11,000 fans. It now has the capacity to hold 26,248 fans!
The first game in the Rocket's stadium was on September 25, 1937. Grass had not yet been planted around the stadium and there were no walkways to the entrance. Thus, when heavy rainfall deluged the area, mud blocked the gates and the game had to be postponed until the following Monday. The Rockets went on to beat Bluffton College, 26-0.
The Rockets' stadium is known as the "Glass Bowl" in recognition of Toledo's distinction of being the glass capital of the world. The stadium was not named the "Glass Bowl" until renovations in 1946. The origin of the name dates back to 1946 and a man named Wayne Kohn, an employee of the structural engineering department of the Libbey-Owens Ford Glass Co., who suggested an annual Glass Bowl football game to be played in the Rockets' stadium. Three Toledo glass manufacturing companies developed the idea further and with the University sponsored a "Glass Bowl" stadium, which was a renovation of the then current stadium.
The stone structures at the northeast and northwest corners of the Glass Bowl are called Blockhouses. In the past, the Blockhouses were used as a residence for the football players. The Rockets would stay in the west Blockhouse and the visitors would stay in the east Blockhouse.
The Glass Bowl is the oldest stadium in the Mid-American Conference. Over the years there have been many renovations made to the Glass Bowl, such as switching from grass to Astroturf in October 1974; building an electronic scoreboard in 1975; adding seats in 1972; again adding seats, a press tower, luxury boxes, and Larimer Athletic Complex in 1990, and switching to NeXturf, an artificial surface carefully modeled after natural grass, in July 2001. The outer wall and Blockhouses are all that remain of the original Glass Bowl Stadium.
Savage Arena
Former known as Savage Hall, John F. Savage Hall is much more than just UT's 9,000-seat basketball arena. Savage Hall is a multi-purpose building that is used for recreation, concerts and other special events, such as graduation. The arena built in 1976 was originally named Centennial Hall. The hall was renamed John F. Savage Hall on July 13, 1988, in honor of the 1952 UT graduate and strong university booster, John Savage, who was instrumental in the campaign to raise funds for the arena. Prior to the construction of Savage Hall, basketball games were played at the Field House, the second oldest building on campus. The inaugural men's basketball game played in Centennial Hall was against the Indiana Hoosiers, who were the national champions the year before, ranked #1 nationally, and on a 33 game winning streak. The hall was packed with over 10,000 fans who came to see the Rockets end the Hoosiers winning streak by a very close score of 59-57. The hall has also hosted many musical acts over the years including Stevie Wonder, James Taylor, Pearl Jam, Cher, Bush, Matchbox 20, Elton John, Goo Goo Dolls, Sheryl Crow, Boys II Men, Destiny's Child, Dave Matthew's Band, Barenaked Ladies, and Elvis. Recently the hall was renovated and re-named John F. Savage Arena. On the inaugural game the Rockets beat University of Massachusetts in a game-winning buzzer-beater to put Toledo in the lead with a final score of 57-56.
Organizations
Rocket Marching Band
The University of Toledo Rocket Marching Band is one of the largest and most visible student groups on campus. With approximately 160 musicians, dancers, twirlers, and color guard, the marching band is a positive source of pride and school spirit for the campus as well as the entire city of Toledo.
Blue Crew
The University of Toledo also has an official spirit crew known as the Blue Crew. The 10 member group consists of "UT students fully dedicated to instituting, reviving, and maintaining The University of Toledo's Traditions." Each member is hidden under an assumed identity and name. Members remain anonymous through use of gold masks with blue or yellow afro wigs, dark blue painters overalls, and converse all star shoes. They attend numerous athletic events and are present throughout the community. The identity of the members are only revealed at the end of the season of their graduating year or after they have faithfully served in the position for four full semesters.
Rocket Fanatics
Gregg Dodd founded the Rocket Fanatics in 1995, but unfortunately his organization never became official. The Rocket Fanatics organization, advised by Dave Nottke of Athletics Department, was formed to support athletics at The University of Toledo by increasing student spirit, pride, attendance and participation.
Today, every UT student is considered a Rocket Fanatic the minute they enroll at The University of Toledo. Likewise, every former student of The University of Toledo is an Alumni Rocket Fanatic.
The UT Athletics' slogan "See You at the Game", which was produced by a group called Rocket Pride Campus Wide, has been used since the fall of 2000 and is displayed on the Rocket Fanatic T-shirts that are handed out to thousands of Rockets each year. The shirts are Midnight Blue with "Rocket Fanatics" printed on the front and "See You at the Game" in gold Impact font printed on the back.
Songs
Fight Song
"U of Toledo"
Chorus
U of Toledo,
We'll fight for you
(Fight! Fight! Fight!)
U of Toledo,
We love that Gold and Blue
(Let's go Blue!)
Men of the Varsity,
The enemy must yield,
We'll fight just like our ancestors
And march right down the field!
T-O-L-E-D-O, Toledo!
Verse (no longer used)
The Indians roamed the Maumee River land
Till along came Anthony Wayne.
Old England was the ruler of the Lakes,
Till Perry gained his fame.
They were fighters and victorious
And they drove back every foe.
Gave their legends and traditions
To the school we honor so.
Dave Connelly, UT athletic director and baseball coach through the 1930s and 1940s, wrote "U of Toledo" in 1932. Connelly also coached football, track, and boxing. He joined the UT faculty as a professor in 1926, where he remained until his death in 1955.
Connelly loved to sing, but had never studied music. Apparently, previous fight songs were no longer in use, so he wrote the words for "U of Toledo" and sang the melody to a family friend, Bernie Jones. Jones played it on the piano and put it to music. The tune remained largely unchanged until 1975, when UT associate professor of music David Jex arranged the current version.
Alma Mater
"
Fair Toledo
"
In tower shadows voices now raising,
To alma mater Golden and Blue,
Fair Toledo praise to thee
Portal of learning ever be,
Hallowed halls we shall revere,
Vow to keep thy memory dear.
"Fair Toledo" was selected from eight entries, which were submitted in the UT Alma Mater Song Contest, sponsored jointly by the Student Senate and the Alumni Association in 1959. The competition was held to replace "Golden and Blue," set to "Amici," a tune used by various universities. While driving to work, Gilbert Mohr, an amateur songwriter, heard the contest announced on the radio. Mohr began humming different tunes, and later with his wife, Jean Strout, wrote the lyrics we know today as "Fair Toledo". Our alma mater debuted at halftime of the Marshall-Toledo basketball game on March 2, 1959. Recently it has become a tradition for students and alumni alike to stay after the game is over and sing the Alma Mater as the Rocket Marching Band plays it. While singing it is encouraged to put your arms around your fellow rocket’s shoulders and sway from side to side.
References
- U.S. Census, Jan. 1, 1920, State of Ohio, County of Lucas, enumeration district 46, p. 9-B, family 202.
- Social Security Death Index.