The Los Angeles Philharmonic (LA Phil, LAP, or LAPO) is an American orchestra based in Los Angeles, California, United States. It has a regular season of concerts from October through June at the Walt Disney Concert Hall, and a summer season at the Hollywood Bowl from July through September. Gustavo Dudamel is the current Music Director, and Esa-Pekka Salonen is Conductor Laureate. Music critics have described the orchestra as the most "contemporary minded", [1] "forward thinking", [2] "talked about and innovative", [3] "venturesome and admired" [4] orchestra in America. According to Salonen, "We are interested in the future. We are not trying to re-create the glories of the past, like so many other symphony orchestras."

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History

1919-1933: Founding the Philharmonic

The orchestra was founded and single-handedly financed in 1919 by William Andrews Clark, Jr., a copper baron, arts enthusiast, and part-time violinist. He originally asked Sergei Rachmaninoff to be the Philharmonic's first music director; however, Rachmaninoff had only recently moved to New York, and he did not wish to move again. Clark then selected Walter Henry Rothwell, former assistant to Gustav Mahler, as music director, and hired away several principal musicians from East Coast orchestras and others from the competing and soon-to-be defunct Los Angeles Symphony. The orchestra played its first concert in the same year, eleven days after its first rehearsal. Clark himself would sometimes sit and play with the second violin section. ^[5]

After Rothwell's death, subsequent Music Directors through the 1920s included Georg Schnéevoigt and Artur Rodzinski.

1933-1950: Harvey Mudd rescues orchestra

Otto Klemperer became Music Director in 1933, part of the large group of German emigrants fleeing Nazi Germany. He conducted many LA Phil premieres, and introduced Los Angeles audiences to important new works by Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg. The orchestra responded well to his leadership, but Klemperer had a difficult time adjusting to Southern California, a situation exacerbated by repeated manic-depressive episodes.

Things were further complicated when founder William Andrews Clark died without leaving the orchestra an endowment. The newly formed Southern California Symphony Association was created with the goal to stabilize the orchestra's funding, with the association's president, Harvey Mudd, stepping up to personally guarantee Klemperer's salary. The Philharmonic's concerts at the Hollywood Bowl also brought in much needed revenue. ^[6] With that, the orchestra managed to make it through the worst of the Great Depression years still intact.

Then, after completing the 1939 summer season at the Hollywood Bowl, Klemperer was visiting Boston and was incorrectly diagnosed with a brain tumor, and the subsequent brain surgery left him partially paralyzed. He went into a depressive state and was placed in institution; when he escaped, The New York Times ran a cover story declaring him missing, and after being found in New Jersey, a picture of him behind bars was printed in the New York Herald Tribune . He subsequently lost the post of Music Director, though he would occasionally conduct the Philharmonic after that, even leading some important concerts such as the orchestra's premiere performance of Stravinsky's Symphony in Three Movements in 1946. ^[7]

Four years later, Alfred Wallenstein was chosen by Mudd to lead the orchestra. The former principal cellist of the New York Philharmonic had been the youngest member of the Los Angeles Philharmonic when it was founded in 1919, and had turned to conducting at the suggestion of Arturo Toscanini. He had conducted the LA Phil at the Hollywood Bowl on a number of occasions, and in 1943, took over as Music Director. ^[8] Among the highlights of Wallenstein's tenure were recordings of concertos with fellow Angelenos, Jascha Heifetz and Arthur Rubinstein.

1951-1968: Dorothy Buffum Chandler's influence

By the mid-1950s, department store heiress and wife of the publisher of the Los Angeles Times , Dorothy Buffum Chandler became the de facto leader of the orchestra's board of directors. Besides leading efforts to create a performing arts center for city that would serve as the Philharmonic's new home, and would eventually lead to the Los Angeles Music Center, she and others wanted a more prominent conductor to lead the orchestra; after Wallenstein's departure, Chandler led efforts to hire then Concertgebouw Orchestra principal conductor, Eduard van Beinum as the LAPO music director. The Philharmonic's musicians, management and audience all loved van Beinum, but in 1959, he suffered a massive heart attack while on the podium during a rehearsal of the Concertgebouw Orchestra and died.

In 1960, the orchestra, led again by Chandler, signed Georg Solti to a three-year contract to be music director after he had guest conducted the orchestra in winter concerts downtown, at the Hollywood Bowl, and in other Southern California locations including CAMA concerts in Santa Barbara. ^[9] Solti was to officially begin his tenure in 1962, and the Philharmonic had hoped that he would lead the orchestra when it moved into its new home at the then yet-to-be-completed Dorothy Chandler Pavilion; he even began to appoint musicians to the orchestra. ^[10] However, Solti abruptly resigned the position in 1961 without officially taking the post after learning that the Philharmonic board of directors failed to consult him before naming then 26 year-old Zubin Mehta to be assistant conductor of the orchestra. ^[11] Mehta was subsequently named to replace Solti.

1969-1997: Ernest Fleischmann's tenure

In 1969, the orchestra hired Ernest Fleischmann to be Executive Vice President and General Manager. During his tenure, the Philharmonic instituted a number of then-revolutionary ideas, including the creation of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Chamber Music Society and the Los Angeles Philharmonic New Music Group and its "Green Umbrella" concerts; both of these adjunct groups were composed of the orchestra's musicians but offered performance series which were separate and distinct from traditional Philharmonic concerts. They were eventually imitated by other orchestras throughout the world. This concept was ahead of its time, and was an outgrowth of Fleischmann's philosophy, most famously laid out in his 16 May 1987 commencement address at the Cleveland Institute of Music entitled, "The Orchestra is Dead. Long Live the Community of Musicians."

When Zubin Mehta left for the New York Philharmonic in 1978, Fleischmann convinced Carlo Maria Giulini to take over as Music Director. Giulini's time with the orchestra was well regarded, however, he resigned the position after his wife became ill, and returned to Italy.

Fleischmann then turned to André Previn with the hopes that his conducting credentials and time spent at Hollywood Studios would add a local flair and enhance the connection between conductor, orchestra, and city. While Previn's tenure was musically satisfactory, other conductors including Kurt Sanderling, Simon Rattle, and Esa-Pekka Salonen, fared better at the box office. Previn clashed frequently with Fleischmann, most notably when Fleischmann failed to consult him over the decision to name Salonen as "Principal Guest Conductor", a move mirroring the prior Solti/Mehta controversy. Because of Previn's objections, the position and Japan tour offer made to Salonen were withdrawn; however, shortly thereafter in April 1989, Previn resigned, and four months later, Salonen was named Music Director Designate, officially taking the post in October 1992. ^[12] Salonen's U.S. conducting debut with the orchestra was in 1984, and has conducted every season since.

Salonen's tenure with the orchestra first began with a residency at the 1992 Salzburg Festival in concert performances and as the pit orchestra in a production of the opera Saint-François d'Assise by Olivier Messian; it was the first time an American orchestra was given that opportunity. Salonen later took the orchestra on many other tours of the United States, Europe, and Asia, and residencies at the Lucerne Festival in Switzerland, The Proms in London, in Cologne for a festival of Salonen's own works, and perhaps most notably, in 1996 at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris for a Stravinsky festival conducted by Salonen and Pierre Boulez; it was during this Paris residency that key Philharmonic board members heard the orchestra perform in improved acoustics and were re-invigorated to lead fundraising efforts for the soon-to-be built Walt Disney Concert Hall.

Under Salonen's leadership, the Philharmonic has become an extremely progressive and well-regarded orchestra. Alex Ross of The New Yorker said this:

The Salonen era in L.A. may mark a turning point in the recent history of classical music in America. It is a story not of an individual magically imprinting his personality on an institution—what Salonen has called the "empty hype" of conductor worship—but of an individual and an institution bringing out unforeseen capabilities in each other, and thereby proving how much life remains in the orchestra itself, at once the most conservative and the most powerful of musical organisms.

... no American orchestra matches the L.A. Philharmonic in its ability to assimilate a huge range of music on a moment's notice. [Thomas Adès, who first conducted his own music in L.A. [in 2005] and has become an annual visitor, told me, "They always seem to begin by finding exactly the right playing style for each piece of music—the kind of sound, the kind of phrasing, breathing, attacks, colors, the indefinable whole. That shouldn't be unusual, but it is." [John Adams calls the Philharmonic "the most Amurrican [sic] of orchestras. They don't hold back and they don't put on airs. If you met them in twos or threes, you'd have no idea they were playing in an orchestra, that they were classical-music people."

1998-present

When Fleischmann decided to retire in 1998 after 28-years at the helm, the orchestra named Willem Wijnbergen as its new Executive Director. Wijnbergen, a Dutch pianist and arts administrator, was the managing director of the Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam. Initially, his appointment was hailed as a major coup for the orchestra; however, after only one controversy-filled year, Wijnbergen left the orchestra in 1999, and it is unclear whether he resigned or was fired by the Philharmonic's board of directors. ^[13]

Later that same year, Deborah Borda, then the Executive Director of the New York Philharmonic, was hired to take over executive management of the orchestra. She began her tenure in January 2000, and was later given the title of President and Chief Executive Officer. After financial problems experienced during Wijnbergen's short tenure, Borda — "a formidable executive who runs the orchestra like a lean company, not like a flabby non-profit" — "put the organization on solid financial footing." She is widely credited (along with Salonen, Frank Gehry, and Yasuhisa Toyota) for the orchestra's very successful move to Walt Disney Concert Hall, and for wholeheartedly supporting and complementing Salonen's artistic vision. One example cited by Alex Ross:

Perhaps Borda's boldest notion is to give visiting composers such as [John Adams and Thomas Adès the same royal treatment that is extended to the likes of Yo-Yo Ma and Joshua Bell; Borda talks about "hero composers." A recent performance of Adams's monumental California symphony "Naïve and Sentimental Music" in the orchestra's Casual Fridays series ... drew a nearly full house. Borda's big-guns approach has invigorated the orchestra's long-running new-music series, called Green Umbrella, which Fleischmann established in 1982. In the early days, it drew modest audiences, but in recent years attendance has risen to the point where as many as sixteen hundred people show up for a concert that in other cities might draw thirty or forty. The Australian composer Brett Dean recently walked onstage for a Green Umbrella concert and did a double take, saying that it was the largest new-music audience he'd ever seen.

In April 2007, it was announced that Esa-Pekka Salonen will step down as the LAP's music director at the end of the 2008-2009 season. With the 2009-2010 season, Gustavo Dudamel will be his successor. ^{[14] [15] [16]}

Performance venues

The orchestra played its first season at Trinity Auditorium at Grand Ave and Ninth Street. In 1920, it moved to Fifth Street and Olive Ave, in a venue that had previously been known as Clune's Auditorium, but was renamed Philharmonic Auditorium. ^[17] From 1964 to 2003, the orchestra played its main subscription concerts in the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion of the Los Angeles Music Center. In 2003, a move was made to the new Walt Disney Concert Hall next door designed by Frank Gehry. Its current "winter season" runs from October through late May or early June.

Since 1922, the orchestra has played outdoor concerts during the summer at the Hollywood Bowl, with the official "summer season" running from July through September.

The LA Philharmonic has played at least one concert a year in its sister city, Santa Barbara, presented by the Community Arts Music Association (CAMA), along with other regular concerts throughout various Southern California cities such as Costa Mesa as part of the Orange County Philharmonic Society's series, San Diego, Palm Springs, among many others. In addition, the orchestra plays a number of free community concerts throughout Los Angeles County.

Conductors

Music Directors

1919-1927 Walter Henry Rothwell 1927-1929 Georg Schnéevoigt 1929-1933 Artur Rodzinski 1933-1939 Otto Klemperer 1943-1956 Alfred Wallenstein

1956-1959 Eduard van Beinum 1962-1978 Zubin Mehta 1978-1984 Carlo Maria Giulini 1985-1989 André Previn 1992-2009 Esa-Pekka Salonen 2009-present Gustavo Dudamel

Georg Solti was offered and accepted the post in 1960, but subsequently resigned in 1961 without officially beginning his tenure.

Gustavo Dudamel officially became Music Director Designate in the Fall of 2008, and will take over on 21 September 2009. ^[18]

Principal Guest Conductors

1981-1985 Michael Tilson Thomas 1981-1994 Simon Rattle 2005-2007 Leonard Slatkin (Hollywood Bowl) 2008-present Bramwell Tovey (Hollywood Bowl)

Rattle and Tilson Thomas were named Principal Guest Conductor concurrently under Carlo Maria Giulini, though Tilson Thomas's tenure ended much earlier. They are the only two conductors to officially hold the title. as such (though as stated above, Esa-Pekka Salonen was initially offered the position under Previn before having the offer withdrawn).

Beginning in the Summer of 2005, the Philharmonic created the new position of Principal Guest Conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic at the Hollywood Bowl . Leonard Slatkin was initially given a two year contract, and in 2007 he was given a one-year extension. In March 2008, Bramwell Tovey was named to the post for an initial two-year contract beginning Summer of 2008. ^{[19] [20]}

Other notable conductors

Other conductors with whom the orchestra has had close ties include Sir John Barbirolli, Bruno Walter, Leopold Stokowski, Albert Coates, Fritz Reiner, and Erich Leinsdorf; ^[21] more recently, others have included Kurt Sanderling, Pierre Boulez, Leonard Bernstein, Christoph von Dohnányi, and Christoph Eschenbach.

Many composers have conducted the Philharmonic in concerts and/or world premieres of their works, including Igor Stravinsky, William Kraft, John Harbison, Witold Lutoslawski, Pierre Boulez, Steven Stucky, John Williams, John Adams, Thomas Adès, and Esa-Pekka Salonen.

A number of the Philharmonic's Assistant/Associate Conductors have gone on to have notable careers in their own rights. These include Lawrence Foster, Calvin Simmons, and William Kraft under Mehta, Sidney Harth and Myung-whun Chung under Giulini, Heiichiro Ohyama and David Alan Miller under Previn, and Grant Gershon, Miguel Harth-Bedoya, Kristjan Jarvi, and Alexander Mickelthwate under Salonen.

Recordings

The orchestra occasionally made 78-rpm recordings and LPs in the early years with Alfred Wallenstein and Leopold Stokowski for Capitol Records, and began recording regularly in the 1960s, for London/Decca, during the tenure of Zubin Mehta as music director. A healthy discography continued to grow with Carlo Maria Giulini on Deutsche Grammaphon and André Previn on both Philips and Telarc Records. Michael Tilson Thomas, Leonard Bernstein, and Sir Simon Rattle also made several recordings with the orchestra in the 1980s, adding to their rising international profile. In recent years, Esa-Pekka Salonen has led recording sessions for Sony and Deutsche Grammophon. A recording of the Concerto for Orchestra by Bela Bartok released by Deutsche Grammophon in 2007 was the first recording by Gustavo Dudamel conducting the LA Phil.

The Los Angeles Philharmonic performed the music in the pilot film to Battlestar Galactica , composed by Stu Phillips and Glen A. Larson. The LA Philharmonic also performed the first North American concert for the popular Final Fantasy franchise game music, Dear Friends: Music From Final Fantasy by Nobuo Uematsu.

See also

• Gustavo Dudamel
• Esa-Pekka Salonen
• Walt Disney Concert Hall
• Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute
• Hollywood Bowl
• Hollywood Bowl Orchestra

References

1. The Anti-maestro; How Esa-Pekka Salonen transformed the Los Angeles Philharmonic
2. Maestra; Marin Alsop leads the Baltimore Symphony.
3. 'Say it ain't so,' music fans lament; Triumphant CSO debut makes pain of losing him worse
4. Dudamel, 26, to Lead L.A. Orchestra
5. The Salonen-Gehry Axis
6. Los Angeles Philharmonic Story
7. About the Piece: Symphony in Three Movements
8. Alfred Wallenstein: An American Conductor at 100
9. Los Angeles Philharmonic Concert Listings, 1950-1960
10. Sir George Solti: Led Chicago Symphony to World Renown
11. Buffie & the Baton
12. The Tyrant of Philharmonic
13. Off-the-Podium Intrigue Surrounds Two Leading Jobs
14. Maestro will pass baton to up-and-comer in '09
15. Gustavo Dudamel to Replace Esa-Pekka Salonen at LA Philharmonic in 2009
16. L.A. Phil is getting the vibe
17. History of the Los Angeles Philharmonic
18. Behind the Scenes: Gustavo Dudamel
19. Conductor Leonard Slatkin Opens Los Angeles Philharmonic's 2007 Season at Hollywood Bowl with Fireworks
20. New conductors at Bowl Unveiled
21. A History of the Los Angeles Philharmonic